Background: Injuries to the hamstrings are the most common muscle injuries in contact sports. This has led to the development of prevention exercises such as the Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE). It has been shown that it drastically reduces the risk of injury but has limitations. Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to list strengths and identify weaknesses, in order to create a prevention protocol that can bridge them. Methods: Twelve articles on PUBMED have been selected. These studies, which were either RCTs or meta-analyzes, have been published in the past decade. Results: The injury risk rate was reduced by 51% thanks to NHE. In addition, improvements were recorded in eccentric strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle and torque peaks. On the other hand, it was recorded that when compliance was low, the NHE had not had a good efficacy. It also did not record significant changes in the length of the muscle fascicle; the risk of injury can be facilitated by the stiffness and poor flexibility of the hamstrings. Discussion: From the results it was possible to draw up a prevention protocol. The NHE is the exercise with more supporting scientific documentation, so it must necessarily be present in the protocol, not without, however, some adjustments and complementary exercises. First of all, it must be a progressive NHE, so over the weeks it must grow proportionally in series and repetitions. In addition, it should preferably be performed after training, both to achieve higher compliance and to have a better muscle thickness. It is good that the exercise is carried out in the best possible way, so you must make sure that there are no compensations or errors in the performance. For those who have had previous hamstring injuries, it is recommended to add the “single leg Roman chair” to the prevention program. As it has been reported a strong efficacy on the reduction of relapses. The hamstring and other hamstrings work eccentrically both to resist hip flexion and to decelerate knee extension. Therefore it would be advisable to train the hamstrings with dominant exercises of both the hip and the knee. In this regard, either the "Russian Belt Deadlift" or the "hip-extension conic-pulley exercise" could be carried out. Flossing Tissue can be used to stretch the hamstring muscle, and therefore to be able to work on the longest and most elastic muscle chains. The heat and mechanical pressure caused by Flossing Tissue increases the tolerance to elongation. A more practical alternative for amateur levels may be the Foam Roller which has proven to be more effective than common stretching (both static and dynamic). To improve sprinting and jumping performance, or the most common athletic gestures that any contact sport requires, the Bounding Exercise Program (BEP) could be introduced as a warm-up while as a complement to regular sprint training. This solution, in addition to being effective, should also be more practical, intuitive and compliant. A further limitation, as explained above, could have been low compliance but it seems to be greater when the NH exercise is included in a specific accident prevention program, such as in "FIFA 11". it should be fixed. Conclusion: With this protocol they heal at the same time all the risk factors of hamstring lesions and both the gaps that the Nordic Hamstring Exercise could present.
Contesto: Le lesioni ai muscoli posteriori della coscia sono le lesioni muscolari più comuni negli sport di contatto. Ciò ha portato allo sviluppo di esercizi di prevenzione come il Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE). È stato dimostrato che esso riduce drasticamente il rischio di infortuni ma presenta dei limiti. Obiettivo: Lo scopo di questa tesi è di elencare punti di forza ed identificare punti deboli, in modo da poter creare un protocollo di prevenzione che possa colmarli. Metodi: Sono stati selezionati dodici articoli a riguardo su PUBMED. Questi studi, i quali erano o RCT o meta-analisi, sono stati pubblicati negli ultimi dieci anni. Risultati: Il tasso di rischio di lesione è stato ridotto del 51% grazie al NHE. Inoltre sono stati registrati miglioramenti della forza eccentrica, dello spessore muscolare, dell’angolo di pennazione e dei picchi di coppia. D’altra parte è stato registrato che quando la compliance era bassa il NHE non aveva avuto una buona efficacia. Inoltre non ha registrato cambiamenti significativi nella lunghezza del fascicolo muscolare; il rischio di lesione può essere facilitato dalla rigidità e la scarsa flessibilità degli hamstring. Discussione: Dai risultati si è riusciti a stilare un protocollo di prevenzione. Il NHE è l’esercizio con più documentazioni scientifiche a supporto, quindi deve necessariamente essere presente nel protocollo, non senza, però, alcuni aggiustamenti e esercizi complementari. Innanzitutto deve essere un NHE progressivo, quindi col passare delle settimane deve crescere proporzionalmente di serie e di ripetute. Inoltre si deve svolgere preferibilmente dopo l’allenamento, sia per raggiungere una compliance più alta sia per avere uno spessore del muscolo migliore. È bene che l’esercizio venga effettuato nel miglior modo possibile, quindi bisogna assicurarsi che non ci siano compensi o errori nello svolgimento. Al programma di prevenzione è consigliato aggiungere, per chi ha avuto precedenti esiti di infortunio agli ischiocrurali, la “sedia romana a gamba singola”. In quanto è stata segnalata una forte efficacia sulla riduzione di recidive. ll bicipite femorale e altri muscoli posteriori della coscia funzionano in modo eccentrico sia per resistere alla flessione dell’anca e sia per decelerare l’estensione del ginocchio. Dunque sarebbe consigliabile allenare i muscoli posteriori della coscia con esercizi dominanti sia di anca che di ginocchio. A riguardo si potrebbero svolgere o il “Russian Belt Deadlift” o l’ “hip-extension conic-pulley exercise”. Per allungare il muscolo bicipite femorale, e quindi per poter poi lavorare sui catene muscolari più lunghe ed elastiche, si può utilizzare il Flossing Tissue. Il calore e la pressione meccanica causata dal Flossing Tissue aumenta la tolleranza all’allungamento. Un’alternativa più pratica per i livelli dilettantistici può essere il Foam Roller che si è dimostrato più efficace del comune stretching (sia statico che dinamico). Per migliorare le prestazioni di sprint e salto, ovvero i gesti atletici più comuni che richiede ogni sport di contatto, si potrebbe introdurre il Bounding Exercise Program (BEP) come riscaldamento mentre come complemento all’allenamento regolare delle prove di sprint. Questa soluzione oltre ad essere efficace, dovrebbe essere anche più pratico, intuitiva e compliante. Un’ulteriore limite, come spiegato precedentemente, poteva essere la bassa compliance ma essa sembra essere maggiore quando l'esercizio NH è incluso in uno specifico programma di prevenzione degli infortuni, come ad esempio in "FIFA 11”. Quindi anche quest’ ultimo aspetto dovrebbe essere risolto. Conclusione: Con questo protocollo vanno a sanare contemporaneamente sia tutti i fattori di rischio delle lesione agli hamstring e sia le lacune che il Nordic Hamstring Exercise poteva presentare.
Prevenzione degli infortuni a livello degli hamstring negli sport da contatto. Revisione della letteratura e protocollo di prevenzione.
ALFONSI, JACOPO
2020/2021
Abstract
Background: Injuries to the hamstrings are the most common muscle injuries in contact sports. This has led to the development of prevention exercises such as the Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE). It has been shown that it drastically reduces the risk of injury but has limitations. Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to list strengths and identify weaknesses, in order to create a prevention protocol that can bridge them. Methods: Twelve articles on PUBMED have been selected. These studies, which were either RCTs or meta-analyzes, have been published in the past decade. Results: The injury risk rate was reduced by 51% thanks to NHE. In addition, improvements were recorded in eccentric strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle and torque peaks. On the other hand, it was recorded that when compliance was low, the NHE had not had a good efficacy. It also did not record significant changes in the length of the muscle fascicle; the risk of injury can be facilitated by the stiffness and poor flexibility of the hamstrings. Discussion: From the results it was possible to draw up a prevention protocol. The NHE is the exercise with more supporting scientific documentation, so it must necessarily be present in the protocol, not without, however, some adjustments and complementary exercises. First of all, it must be a progressive NHE, so over the weeks it must grow proportionally in series and repetitions. In addition, it should preferably be performed after training, both to achieve higher compliance and to have a better muscle thickness. It is good that the exercise is carried out in the best possible way, so you must make sure that there are no compensations or errors in the performance. For those who have had previous hamstring injuries, it is recommended to add the “single leg Roman chair” to the prevention program. As it has been reported a strong efficacy on the reduction of relapses. The hamstring and other hamstrings work eccentrically both to resist hip flexion and to decelerate knee extension. Therefore it would be advisable to train the hamstrings with dominant exercises of both the hip and the knee. In this regard, either the "Russian Belt Deadlift" or the "hip-extension conic-pulley exercise" could be carried out. Flossing Tissue can be used to stretch the hamstring muscle, and therefore to be able to work on the longest and most elastic muscle chains. The heat and mechanical pressure caused by Flossing Tissue increases the tolerance to elongation. A more practical alternative for amateur levels may be the Foam Roller which has proven to be more effective than common stretching (both static and dynamic). To improve sprinting and jumping performance, or the most common athletic gestures that any contact sport requires, the Bounding Exercise Program (BEP) could be introduced as a warm-up while as a complement to regular sprint training. This solution, in addition to being effective, should also be more practical, intuitive and compliant. A further limitation, as explained above, could have been low compliance but it seems to be greater when the NH exercise is included in a specific accident prevention program, such as in "FIFA 11". it should be fixed. Conclusion: With this protocol they heal at the same time all the risk factors of hamstring lesions and both the gaps that the Nordic Hamstring Exercise could present.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Alfonsi TESI CORRETTA ULTIMA VERSIONE fisioterapia.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/1001