In recent years, numerous studies have shown that stress can cause cardiovascular diseases; therefore, it is important to define risk indices that could serve as indicators for assessing the onset of diseases that could have serious consequences on the heart. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the electrocardiographic alternans could be considered as an indicator of the stressful condition in healthy subjects. The heart, through its rhythmic contractions, allows blood to circulate within the blood vessels. The contractions of the heart are due to the electrical stimuli that originate at the level of particular heart cells. The electrical stimulus at the cellular level is generated by variations in the permeability of the membrane towards particular ions. Ionic currents are the basis of the variation of the membrane potential that generates the action potential. This potential difference varies as well as depolarization and repolarization vary over time and its recording as a function of time takes the name of electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG signal reflects the continuous change of the action potential in correlation with the cardiac cycle. In the ECG signal various parts that represent specific phases of cardiac activity can be distinguished. Through the ECG, the electrocardiographic alternans can be measured. It consists of a variation in the morphology and amplitude of the electrocardiographic waveforms; it is characterized by an ABABAB pattern in the morphology of the ECG. The physiological causes of the alternans are not completely clear but the main hypothesis is the restitution of calcium ions at cellular level that causes a variation in the duration of the action potential and results in the visible microscopic and macroscopic alternans in ECG. In recent decades the study of electrocardiographic alternans has had more importance because it could act as an indicator for severe cardiac events. Various automatic methods have been developed for the detection of microscopic alternans. In this study the Enhanced Adaptive Matched Filter (EAMF) was used. Electrocardiographic alternans in this study was used to assess stress levels in healthy subjects. The stressful condition is caused by a specific phobia: the fear of spiders. In the protocol used, the subjects watched videos containing spiders. The ECG traces were recorded using a wearable device, the BITalino. The method used for the analysis of the electrocardiographic alternans of ECG signals was the EAMF. The method is able to detect the alternans values of the various waves in a distinct way in order to avoid mutual influences. In the analyzed population, mean values of the amplitude of the alternans of the P wave, of the QRS complex and of the T wave are respectively 10 ± 2 μV, 10 ± 2 μV and 8 ± 3 μV, while the average values of the area of the alternans of the P wave, QRS complex and T wave are respectively: 1337 ± 241 μV, 792 ± 183 μV, 1702 ± 671 μV. The values obtained are in the range of values considered physiological; the study was carried out on a healthy population, so it is normal to expect values that fall within that range. Despite this, it is still possible to observe a trend in the amplitude and area of the alternans. The values obtained could therefore reflect a change in the conditions of the subject. For this reason, the electrocardiographic alternans can be considered as a possible indicator for the evaluation of the stressful condition in healthy subjects.
Negli ultimi anni numerosi studi hanno dimostrato che lo stress può causare patologie cardiovascolari, è quindi importante definire degli indici di rischio che potrebbero fungere da indicatori per la valutazione dell’insorgenza di patologie che potrebbero avere delle conseguenze gravi a livello cardiaco. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato valutare se l’alternanza elettrocardiografica può essere considerata come un indicatore della condizione di stress in soggetti sani. Il cuore attraverso le sue contrazioni ritmiche permette la circolazione del sangue all’interno dei vasi sanguigni. Le contrazioni del cuore sono dovute agli stimoli elettrici che originano a livello di particolari cellule cardiache. Lo stimolo elettrico a livello cellulare è generato da variazioni di permeabilità della membrana verso particolari ioni. Si generano delle correnti ioniche che sono alla base della variazione del potenziale di membrana che a sua volta genera il potenziale d’azione. La registrazione di questi fenomeni in funzione del tempo assume il nome di elettrocardiogramma (ECG). All’interno del tracciato si possono distinguere varie parti che rappresentano le fasi del ciclo cardiaco. Attraverso l’ECG può esse misurata l’alternanza elettrocardiografica. Essa consiste in una variazione della morfologia e dell’ampiezza delle forme d’onda elettrocardiografiche, essa è caratterizzata da un pattern di tipo ABABAB nella morfologia dell’ECG. Ad oggi non sono completamente chiare le cause fisiologiche dell’alternanza ma l’ipotesi principale è quella della ripartizione degli ioni calcio a livello cellulare che causa una variazione della durata del potenziale d’azione, essa poi si traduce nell’alternanza microscopica e macroscopica visibile a livello elettrocardiografico. Negli ultimi decenni si è data sempre più importanza allo studio dell’alternanza elettrocardiografica in quanto essa funge da indicatore per eventi cardaci gravi. Sono stati sviluppati vari metodi automatici per il rilevamento dell’alternanza microscopica, in questo studio è stato utilizzato il metodo del filtro adattivo avanzato (in inglese: Enhanced Adaptive Matched Filter, EAMF). L’alternanza elettrocardiografica in questo studio è stata utilizzata per valutare i livelli di stress in soggetti sani. La condizione di stress è causata da una fobia specifica, la paura dei ragni. Nel protocollo utilizzato i soggetti sono stati sottoposti alla visione di video contenenti ragni e i tracciati ECG sono stati registrati tramite un dispositivo indossabile, il BITalino. Il metodo utilizzato per l’analisi dell’alternanza elettrocardiografica dei segnali ECG è stato l’EAMF. Il metodo è in grado di rilevare in maniera distinta i valori di alternanza delle varie onde in modo da evitare influenze reciproche. Nella popolazione analizzata valori medi dell’ampiezza dell’alternanza dell’onda P, del complesso QRS e dell’onda T sono rispettivamente 10±2 μV, 10±2 μV e 8±3 μV, mentre i valori medi dell’area dell’alternanza dell’onda P, del complesso QRS e dell’onda T sono rispettivamente: 1337±241 μV, 792±183 μV, 1702±671 μV. I valori ottenuti rientrano nel range dei valori considerati fisiologici, lo studio è stato effettuato su una popolazione sana, quindi è normale aspettarsi dei valori che rientrino in quell’intervallo. Nonostante questo, è comunque possibile osservare un trend dell’ampiezza e dell’area dell’alternanza, i valori ottenuti potrebbero quindi riflettere un cambiamento delle condizioni in cui il soggetto si trova. Per questo motivo l’alternanza elettrocardiografica può essere considerata come un possibile indicatore per la valutazione della condizione di stress in soggetti sani.
Analisi dell'alternanza elettrocardiografica in soggetti sani in condizione di stress
STELLA, ARIANNA
2020/2021
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies have shown that stress can cause cardiovascular diseases; therefore, it is important to define risk indices that could serve as indicators for assessing the onset of diseases that could have serious consequences on the heart. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the electrocardiographic alternans could be considered as an indicator of the stressful condition in healthy subjects. The heart, through its rhythmic contractions, allows blood to circulate within the blood vessels. The contractions of the heart are due to the electrical stimuli that originate at the level of particular heart cells. The electrical stimulus at the cellular level is generated by variations in the permeability of the membrane towards particular ions. Ionic currents are the basis of the variation of the membrane potential that generates the action potential. This potential difference varies as well as depolarization and repolarization vary over time and its recording as a function of time takes the name of electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG signal reflects the continuous change of the action potential in correlation with the cardiac cycle. In the ECG signal various parts that represent specific phases of cardiac activity can be distinguished. Through the ECG, the electrocardiographic alternans can be measured. It consists of a variation in the morphology and amplitude of the electrocardiographic waveforms; it is characterized by an ABABAB pattern in the morphology of the ECG. The physiological causes of the alternans are not completely clear but the main hypothesis is the restitution of calcium ions at cellular level that causes a variation in the duration of the action potential and results in the visible microscopic and macroscopic alternans in ECG. In recent decades the study of electrocardiographic alternans has had more importance because it could act as an indicator for severe cardiac events. Various automatic methods have been developed for the detection of microscopic alternans. In this study the Enhanced Adaptive Matched Filter (EAMF) was used. Electrocardiographic alternans in this study was used to assess stress levels in healthy subjects. The stressful condition is caused by a specific phobia: the fear of spiders. In the protocol used, the subjects watched videos containing spiders. The ECG traces were recorded using a wearable device, the BITalino. The method used for the analysis of the electrocardiographic alternans of ECG signals was the EAMF. The method is able to detect the alternans values of the various waves in a distinct way in order to avoid mutual influences. In the analyzed population, mean values of the amplitude of the alternans of the P wave, of the QRS complex and of the T wave are respectively 10 ± 2 μV, 10 ± 2 μV and 8 ± 3 μV, while the average values of the area of the alternans of the P wave, QRS complex and T wave are respectively: 1337 ± 241 μV, 792 ± 183 μV, 1702 ± 671 μV. The values obtained are in the range of values considered physiological; the study was carried out on a healthy population, so it is normal to expect values that fall within that range. Despite this, it is still possible to observe a trend in the amplitude and area of the alternans. The values obtained could therefore reflect a change in the conditions of the subject. For this reason, the electrocardiographic alternans can be considered as a possible indicator for the evaluation of the stressful condition in healthy subjects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_Arianna_Stella_pdfa.pdf
Open Access dal 28/10/2024
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Analisi dell'alternanza elettrocardiografica in soggetti sani in condizione di stress
Analysis of electrocardiographic alternans in healthy subjects under a stress condition
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/1219