Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity and the term oxidative stress indicates the set of alterations that occur in cells and tissues when they are exposed to an excess of reactive agents such as radicals oxygen (ROS). The most important site of production of intracellular ROS (example: superoxide anion) is mitochondria, due to the dispersion of electrons from the respiratory chain. At low-concentration, ROS have many biological effects, such as defence against pathogenic micro-organisms; however, at high concentrations, they damage DNA, lipids and proteins, leading to tissue rupture and cell death. ROS play an important role in the development of obesity and metabolic complications. They participate as regulatory factors in mitochondrial activity; modify the concentration of molecules that take part in inflammation, which, in obesity, is associated with the increase in number and size of adipocytes. The complex process of adipogenesis consists of a series of phases in which stem cells mature into adipocytes. ROS are involved in signal transduction and regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Mature adipocytes are classified in white (WAT), brown (BAT), and beige. WAT have a single lipid drop and few mitochondria. They store fat, produce hormones that regulate nutrient homeostasis, participate in regulating food intake, and promote inflammation, thus playing an important role in obesity. They constitute diffuse deposits in the body. Beige adipocytes derive from white adipocytes through a process called "browning" and are involved in adaptive thermogenesis and nutrient homeostasis. BAT has multiple lipid drops, many mitochondria and can be activated to oxidize fatty acids and maintain body temperature. Adipocytes secrete adipocytokines that include pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, hormones, growth factors, and matrix proteins. In adipocytes and skeletal muscle excess nutrition activates the metabolic pathways regulated by NF-kB (a factor that controls some genes of pro-inflammatory enzymes), which interferes with mitochondrial functions, causing overproduction of ROS. Adipocytes produce leptin, which regulates hunger and appetite, and therefore, food intake. In some cases of obesity, although there are high levels of leptin, the response to leptin, which is normally linked to satiety, is interrupted. Obesity is linked to increased leptin levels and chronic immunomediated inflammation. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that reduces serum triglycerides, stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids and increases insulin sensitivity. The natural antioxidants contained in food have recently gained attention thanks to their ability to counter the deleterious effects of an excess of free radicals and the associated diseases. Groups of compounds have been found in plant; they have antioxidants properties such as polyphenols (phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, curcuminoids), carotenoids, capsaicinoids, isothiocyanates. These substances, found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, coffee, cocoa, and tea, have the power to induce weight loss and have been included in food strategies to eliminate oxidative stress and to prevent obesity, acting on mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Controlled and well-designed clinical studies are still needed to better understand the effects of these natural antioxidants because the link between polyphenols, obesity and chronic diseases has yet to be clarified. Changing lifestyle, changing diet and reducing sedentarism are currently considered the best alternative.
Lo stress ossidativo ha un ruolo importante nella fisiopatologia dell’obesità e con il termine stress ossidativo si indicano l’insieme delle alterazioni che si producono nelle cellule e nei tessuti quando questi sono esposti ad un eccesso di agenti reattivi come i radicali dell’ossigeno (ROS). Il sito più importante di produzione di ROS intracellulari (ad es. l’anione superossido), è il mitocondrio, a causa della dispersione degli elettroni dalla catena respiratoria. I ROS, a bassa concentrazione, hanno molti effetti biologici, come ad esempio la difesa contro i microrganismi patogeni; tuttavia, ad alte concentrazioni, danneggiano il DNA, i lipidi e le proteine, portando alla rottura dei tessuti e alla morte cellulare. I ROS giocano un importante ruolo nello sviluppo dell’obesità e delle complicazioni metaboliche. Partecipano come fattori regolatori all’attività mitocondriale; modificano la concentrazione delle molecole che prendono parte all’infiammazione, che, nell’obesità, è associata all’aumento in numero e dimensione degli adipociti. Il complesso processo di adipogenesi consiste in una serie di fasi in cui le cellule staminali maturano in adipociti. I ROS sono coinvolti nella trasduzione del segnale e la regolazione della differenziazione degli adipociti. Gli adipociti maturi sono classificati in bianco (WAT), marrone (BAT), e beige. I WAT hanno una singola goccia lipidica e pochi mitocondri. Immagazzinano il grasso, producono gli ormoni che regolano l'omeostasi dei nutrienti, partecipano alla regolazione dell'assunzione di cibo e promuovono l'infiammazione, giocando così un ruolo importante nell’obesità. Essi costituiscono depositi diffusi nel corpo. Gli adipociti beige derivano dagli adipociti bianchi attraverso un processo definito “browning” e sono coinvolti nella termogenesi adattativa e omeostasi dei nutrienti. I BAT hanno più gocce lipidiche, molti mitocondri e possono essere attivati per ossidare gli acidi grassi e per mantenere la temperatura corporea. Gli adipociti secernono le adipocitochine che comprendono citochine pro e antinfiammatorie, ormoni, fattori di crescita, e proteine della matrice. Negli adipociti e nel muscolo scheletrico l’eccesso di nutrizione attiva le vie metaboliche regolate da NF-kB (fattore che controlla alcuni geni di enzimi pro-infiammatori), che interferisce con le funzioni mitocondriali, provocando la sovrapproduzione di ROS. Gli adipociti producono leptina, che regola la fame e l'appetito, e quindi, l'assunzione di cibo. In alcuni casi di obesità, anche se ci sono alti livelli di leptina, la risposta alla leptina, che è normalmente legata alla sazietà, è interrotta; l’adiponectina invece è un adipochina che riduce i trigliceridi del siero, stimola l'ossidazione degli acidi grassi e aumenta la sensibilità all'insulina. Gli antiossidanti naturali contenuti negli alimenti hanno recentemente guadagnato attenzione grazie alla loro capacità di contrastare gli effetti deleteri di un eccesso di radicali liberi e le patologie associate ad essi. Nelle piante sono stati trovati dei gruppi di composti con proprietà antiossidanti come i polifenoli (gli acidi fenolici, i stilbeni, i flavonoidi, i curcuminoidi), i carotenoidi, i capsaicinoidi, gli isotiocianati. Queste sostanze, che si trovano nella frutta, verdura, cereali interi, caffè, cacao, e tè, hanno il potere di indurre la perdita di peso e sono stati inclusi nelle strategie alimentari per abolire lo stress ossidativo e per prevenire l'obesità, agendo sulla disfunzione mitocondriale e sull’infiammazione. Studi clinici controllati e ben progettati sono ancora però necessari per conoscere meglio gli effetti di questi antiossidanti naturali perché il legame tra i polifenoli, l'obesità e le malattie croniche devono ancora essere chiariti. La modifica dello stile di vita, la variazione della dieta e la riduzione della sedentarietà sono considerati al momento la migliore alternativa.
Stress Ossidativo, Antiossidanti Naturali delle piante e Obesità
GALLI, ILARIA
2020/2021
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity and the term oxidative stress indicates the set of alterations that occur in cells and tissues when they are exposed to an excess of reactive agents such as radicals oxygen (ROS). The most important site of production of intracellular ROS (example: superoxide anion) is mitochondria, due to the dispersion of electrons from the respiratory chain. At low-concentration, ROS have many biological effects, such as defence against pathogenic micro-organisms; however, at high concentrations, they damage DNA, lipids and proteins, leading to tissue rupture and cell death. ROS play an important role in the development of obesity and metabolic complications. They participate as regulatory factors in mitochondrial activity; modify the concentration of molecules that take part in inflammation, which, in obesity, is associated with the increase in number and size of adipocytes. The complex process of adipogenesis consists of a series of phases in which stem cells mature into adipocytes. ROS are involved in signal transduction and regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Mature adipocytes are classified in white (WAT), brown (BAT), and beige. WAT have a single lipid drop and few mitochondria. They store fat, produce hormones that regulate nutrient homeostasis, participate in regulating food intake, and promote inflammation, thus playing an important role in obesity. They constitute diffuse deposits in the body. Beige adipocytes derive from white adipocytes through a process called "browning" and are involved in adaptive thermogenesis and nutrient homeostasis. BAT has multiple lipid drops, many mitochondria and can be activated to oxidize fatty acids and maintain body temperature. Adipocytes secrete adipocytokines that include pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, hormones, growth factors, and matrix proteins. In adipocytes and skeletal muscle excess nutrition activates the metabolic pathways regulated by NF-kB (a factor that controls some genes of pro-inflammatory enzymes), which interferes with mitochondrial functions, causing overproduction of ROS. Adipocytes produce leptin, which regulates hunger and appetite, and therefore, food intake. In some cases of obesity, although there are high levels of leptin, the response to leptin, which is normally linked to satiety, is interrupted. Obesity is linked to increased leptin levels and chronic immunomediated inflammation. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that reduces serum triglycerides, stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids and increases insulin sensitivity. The natural antioxidants contained in food have recently gained attention thanks to their ability to counter the deleterious effects of an excess of free radicals and the associated diseases. Groups of compounds have been found in plant; they have antioxidants properties such as polyphenols (phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, curcuminoids), carotenoids, capsaicinoids, isothiocyanates. These substances, found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, coffee, cocoa, and tea, have the power to induce weight loss and have been included in food strategies to eliminate oxidative stress and to prevent obesity, acting on mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Controlled and well-designed clinical studies are still needed to better understand the effects of these natural antioxidants because the link between polyphenols, obesity and chronic diseases has yet to be clarified. Changing lifestyle, changing diet and reducing sedentarism are currently considered the best alternative.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/1258