Background The majority of children between the ages of 3 and 5 spend most of their childhood in school facilities. In these years, children face many stages of evolutionary development that are fundamental for the achievement of full autonomy, among them the full sphincter control. Toilet Training (TT) is the method that allows the complete achievement of this phase, allows the child, through notions and actions to achieve effective sphincter control. Potty training must be done by parents and teachers in close cooperation. In fact, it happens that parents rely on school and other way round. Uncertainties of parents and postponement of training to the toilet could have negative consequences for the child. Starting too early TT or too old increases the risk of developing a Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome (DES) or even a Bladder And Bowel Dysfunction (BBD), which leads to infections, diurnal and nocturnal incontinence, constipation and reflux bladder- ureteral (VUR). Targets The primary objective of the study, after a careful review of the existing literature, is to investigate the level of information of kindergarten teachers, with respect to the method of Toilet Training and if properly informed about any complications. To achieve the purpose of the study a questionnaire was used taken from the literature.Secondary objective, to disseminate information about this practice, through a summary brochure. Materials and Methods After a careful review of the literature, conducted through the Pubmed multimedia database, the questionnaire identified by the literature was administered. A snowball sampling was performed. The study sample is represented by 62 kindergarten teachers, working within the kindergarten. Finally, was distributed to each of them, a brochure built by the experimenters, based on the latest scientific literature, which summarizes the essential contents of the correct Toilet Training. Results After collecting the questionnaires, all the data were carefully analysed and the results made known. It emerges that in general, as regards the answers to the questionnaire, for some of the study’s main points are not at all satisfactory; for others there is the recognition of a problem, but nothing is done to intervene; For others the answers given are very satisfactory. From the data collected, it can be deduced that, in some cases, it is difficult for children to comply with urination rules in school environments. Lack of privacy, limited access to toilets, poor hygiene of toilets, are factors that very often push the child to retain urine and feces during school hours, increasing the risk of developing elimination disorders. All dysfunctions related to impaired functioning of the urinary and intestinal tract adversely affect. Conclusion Starting TT before the age of two appears to be a risk factor for the onset of urination disorders as the child is unable to empty following the correct procedures and the necessary timing. In this age group the child has to attend school environments for most of his day and therefore it is necessary for teachers to be more informed about this practice as, of fundamental importance in the development of the child. Finally, close collaboration between school and family is fundamental. Keywords: Toilet Training, Urinary Infection, Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome, Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction, Continence, Bladder Control
Background La maggioranza dei bambini di età compresa fra 3 e 5 anni trascorre gran parte della loro infanzia all’intero di strutture scolastiche. In questi anni i bambini affrontano numerose fasi dello sviluppo evolutivo che sono fondamentali per il raggiungimento della piena autonomia, tra queste spicca maggiormente il pieno controllo sfinterico. Il Toilet Training (TT) è la metodica che permette proprio il raggiungimento completo di questa fase, permette al bambino, attraverso nozioni ed azioni di ottenere un controllo sfinterico efficace. L’addestramento al vasino deve essere fatto dai genitori e insegnanti in stretta collaborazione. Infatti, accade che i genitori facciano affidamento sulla scuola e viceversa. Le incertezze dei genitori e il rinvio dell’addestramento alla toilette potrebbero avere conseguenze negative per il bambino. Iniziare troppo precocemente TT o in età troppo avanzata aumenta il rischio di sviluppare una Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome (DES) o anche una Bladder And Bowel Dysfunction (BBD), che porta a infezioni, incontinenza diurna e notturna, stitichezza e reflusso vescico- ureterale (VUR). Obiettivi L’obiettivo primario dello studio, dopo una attenta revisione della letteratura esistente, è quello di indagare il livello di informazione degli insegnanti della scuola dell’infanzia, rispetto alla metodica del Toilet Training e se correttamente informate sulle eventuali complicanze. Per raggiungere lo scopo dello studio è stato utilizzato un questionario ripreso dalla letteratura.Obiettivo secondario, quello di divulgare informazioni su questa pratica, attraverso una brochure riassuntiva. Materiali e Metodi Dopo un’attenta revisione della letteratura, condotta attraverso la banca dati multimediale Pubmed, è stato somministrato il questionario individuato dalla letteratura. È stato eseguito un campionamento a palla di neve. Il campione di studio è rappresentato da 62 insegnanti di scuola materna, che lavorano all’interno della scuola dell’infanzia. Infine, è stata distribuita ad ognuno di loro, una brochure costruita dagli sperimentatori, sulla base della più recente letteratura scientifica, che riassume i contenuti essenziali del corretto Toilet Training. Risultati Dopo aver raccolto i questionari sono stati attentamente analizzati tutti i dati e resi noti i risultati. Emerge che in generale per quanto riguarda le risposte al questionario, per alcune ritenute focus dello studio non sono assolutamente soddisfacenti; per altre c’è il riconoscimento di una problematica, ma non si fa nulla per intervenire; per altre ancora le risposte date sono molto soddisfacenti. Dai dati raccolti, si deduce che, ai bambini, in alcuni casi risulta difficile rispettare le regole minzionali all’interno degli ambienti scolastici. Mancanza di privacy, accesso limitato ai bagni, scarsa igiene dei servizi igienici, sono fattori che molto spesso spingono il bambino a trattenere l’urina e le feci durante l’orario scolastico, incrementando il rischio di sviluppare disturbi dell’eliminazione. Tutte le disfunzioni correlate ad un alterato funzionamento del tratto urinario e intestinale influiscono negativamente. Conclusioni Iniziare il TT prima dei due anni di età risulta essere un fattore di rischio per l’insorgenza di disturbi minzionali in quanto il bambino è incapace di svuotare seguendo le modalità corrette e le tempistiche necessarie. In questa fascia di età il bambino si trova a frequentare per la maggior parte della sua giornata ambienti scolastici e dunque risulta necessario che le insegnanti siano più informate su questa pratica in quanto, di fondamentale importanza nello sviluppo del bambino. Infine, è fondamentale, una stretta collaborazione tra scuola e famiglia. Parole chiave: Toilet Training, Urinary Infection, Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome, Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction, Continence, Bladder Control
Il toilet training come strumento di prevenzione delle infezioni urinarie: il punto di vista degli insegnanti della scuola dell'infanzia. Studio osservazionale
RUSSO, EMANUELA
2021/2022
Abstract
Background The majority of children between the ages of 3 and 5 spend most of their childhood in school facilities. In these years, children face many stages of evolutionary development that are fundamental for the achievement of full autonomy, among them the full sphincter control. Toilet Training (TT) is the method that allows the complete achievement of this phase, allows the child, through notions and actions to achieve effective sphincter control. Potty training must be done by parents and teachers in close cooperation. In fact, it happens that parents rely on school and other way round. Uncertainties of parents and postponement of training to the toilet could have negative consequences for the child. Starting too early TT or too old increases the risk of developing a Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome (DES) or even a Bladder And Bowel Dysfunction (BBD), which leads to infections, diurnal and nocturnal incontinence, constipation and reflux bladder- ureteral (VUR). Targets The primary objective of the study, after a careful review of the existing literature, is to investigate the level of information of kindergarten teachers, with respect to the method of Toilet Training and if properly informed about any complications. To achieve the purpose of the study a questionnaire was used taken from the literature.Secondary objective, to disseminate information about this practice, through a summary brochure. Materials and Methods After a careful review of the literature, conducted through the Pubmed multimedia database, the questionnaire identified by the literature was administered. A snowball sampling was performed. The study sample is represented by 62 kindergarten teachers, working within the kindergarten. Finally, was distributed to each of them, a brochure built by the experimenters, based on the latest scientific literature, which summarizes the essential contents of the correct Toilet Training. Results After collecting the questionnaires, all the data were carefully analysed and the results made known. It emerges that in general, as regards the answers to the questionnaire, for some of the study’s main points are not at all satisfactory; for others there is the recognition of a problem, but nothing is done to intervene; For others the answers given are very satisfactory. From the data collected, it can be deduced that, in some cases, it is difficult for children to comply with urination rules in school environments. Lack of privacy, limited access to toilets, poor hygiene of toilets, are factors that very often push the child to retain urine and feces during school hours, increasing the risk of developing elimination disorders. All dysfunctions related to impaired functioning of the urinary and intestinal tract adversely affect. Conclusion Starting TT before the age of two appears to be a risk factor for the onset of urination disorders as the child is unable to empty following the correct procedures and the necessary timing. In this age group the child has to attend school environments for most of his day and therefore it is necessary for teachers to be more informed about this practice as, of fundamental importance in the development of the child. Finally, close collaboration between school and family is fundamental. Keywords: Toilet Training, Urinary Infection, Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome, Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction, Continence, Bladder Control| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Russo Emanuela -Tesi completa.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
562 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
562 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/12894