The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on and clarify new forms of humus, "born of poisoned pedogenesis," which have been detected and studied in recent years by Irina N. Korkina and Evgenii L. Vorobeichik, two researchers from the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Between 2016 and 2023, these researchers conducted three studies in the vicinity of the Middle Ural Copper Smelter (MUCS), a copper smelting facility in operation since 1940 located on the geographical border between Europe and Asia, north of the city of Revda and 50 km west of Ekaterinburg, the capital of the Sverdlovsk region (Figure 0-1). The characteristics of the territory resemble a taiga: the climate is continental with high temperature fluctuations between day and night, and seasonal average temperatures vary significantly from +17.8°C in July to -14.2°C in January (average values calculated between 1975 and 2015). The vegetation in the area is predominantly arboreal, with coniferous forests dominating the landscape. The dominant species in the study area, located west of the factory, is the Norway spruce (Picea abies). The researchers chose this as their study site due to the high emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere, containing sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, and heavy metals such as copper, lead, zinc, iron, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. Emissions peaked in 1970 at 350,000 tonnes in a single year, progressively decreasing to values between 3,000 and 5,000 tonnes per year by 2010. These figures have established the MUCS as one of the most significant sources of pollution in Russia over the last century. Furthermore, the fact that its emissivity has decreased seventyfold since 2010 compared to the peak reached 40 years earlier makes the area around the smelter the perfect study site to assess the damage that decades of emissions have caused to the ecosystem and any signs of recovery, if present. The thesis is structured into three chapters. Firstly, I will introduce the European humus reference base to enable readers to comprehend the subsequent two chapters, in which I will delve into the analysis of the atypical humus forms. This journey will begin with their discovery in 2016, progressing through their analysis, and culminating in the proposed classification in 2021.
Lo scopo della tesi è quello di far luce e chiarezza su nuove forme di humus, “figlie di una pedogenesi avvelenata”, che sono state rilevate e studiate negli ultimi anni da Irina N. Korkina e Evgenii L. Vorobeichik due studiosi della Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tra il 2016 e il 2023 quest’ultimi hanno eseguito tre studi nell’area che circonda la Middle Ural Copper Smelter (MUCS), una fonderia di rame in funzione dal 1940 situata al confine geografico tra Europa e Asia, a nord della città di Revda e 50 km a ovest di Ekaterinburg, capoluogo della regione di Sverdlovsk (Figura 0-1). Le caratteristiche del territorio sono quelle di una taiga: il clima è continentale con un’elevata escursione termica tra il giorno e la notte e le temperature medie stagionali variano fortemente da un +17,8°C a luglio e un -14,2°C a gennaio (valori medi calcolati tra il 1975 e il 2015). La vegetazione del luogo è principalmente arborea, le foreste di conifere dominano il panorama e la specie dominante nell’area di studio, posta a ovest della fabbrica, è l’abete rosso (Picea abies). Gli studiosi hanno scelto questo come luogo di studio date le elevate emissioni di gas tossici nell’atmosfera contenenti zolfo, azoto, fluoro e metalli pesanti, tra cui rame, piombo, zinco, ferro, mercurio, cadmio e arsenico. Le emissioni hanno toccato un massimo nel 1970 di 350'000 tonnellate in un solo anno, poi hanno iniziato a decrescere progressivamente fino ad arrivare al 2010 con valori tra le 3'000 e le 5'000 tonnellate all’anno. Questi numeri hanno “incoronato” la MUCS come una delle fonti d’inquinamento più importanti della Russia dell’ultimo secolo. Questo, sommato al fatto che nel 2010 la sua emissività è diminuita di settanta volte rispetto al picco massimo raggiunto 40 anni prima rendono l’area intorno alla fonderia il luogo di studio perfetto per valutare i danni che i decenni di emissioni hanno causato all’ecosistema e gli eventuali segni di ripristino, se presenti. L’elaborato è strutturato in tre capitoli nei quali illustrerò in primis la European humus reference base con lo scopo di fare in modo che ogni lettore possa comprendere i successivi due capitoli in cui affronterò invece l’analisi vera e propria delle forme di humus atipiche, partendo dalla loro scoperta nel 2016, passando poi per la loro analisi e proposta di classificazione avvenuta nel 2021.
HUMUS ATIPICO, FIGLIO DI UNA PEDOGENESI AVVELENATA
BARTOLETTI, MATTEO
2022/2023
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on and clarify new forms of humus, "born of poisoned pedogenesis," which have been detected and studied in recent years by Irina N. Korkina and Evgenii L. Vorobeichik, two researchers from the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Between 2016 and 2023, these researchers conducted three studies in the vicinity of the Middle Ural Copper Smelter (MUCS), a copper smelting facility in operation since 1940 located on the geographical border between Europe and Asia, north of the city of Revda and 50 km west of Ekaterinburg, the capital of the Sverdlovsk region (Figure 0-1). The characteristics of the territory resemble a taiga: the climate is continental with high temperature fluctuations between day and night, and seasonal average temperatures vary significantly from +17.8°C in July to -14.2°C in January (average values calculated between 1975 and 2015). The vegetation in the area is predominantly arboreal, with coniferous forests dominating the landscape. The dominant species in the study area, located west of the factory, is the Norway spruce (Picea abies). The researchers chose this as their study site due to the high emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere, containing sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, and heavy metals such as copper, lead, zinc, iron, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. Emissions peaked in 1970 at 350,000 tonnes in a single year, progressively decreasing to values between 3,000 and 5,000 tonnes per year by 2010. These figures have established the MUCS as one of the most significant sources of pollution in Russia over the last century. Furthermore, the fact that its emissivity has decreased seventyfold since 2010 compared to the peak reached 40 years earlier makes the area around the smelter the perfect study site to assess the damage that decades of emissions have caused to the ecosystem and any signs of recovery, if present. The thesis is structured into three chapters. Firstly, I will introduce the European humus reference base to enable readers to comprehend the subsequent two chapters, in which I will delve into the analysis of the atypical humus forms. This journey will begin with their discovery in 2016, progressing through their analysis, and culminating in the proposed classification in 2021.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/16018