Crithmum maritimum is a facultative halophytic plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), more commonly known as sea fennel. C. maritimum is a highly aromatic herbaceous plant that grows spontaneously along the Mediterranean coasts. Recently, this halophyte has been described as a profitable crop, therefore as an ideal candidate for the promotion of halophyte agriculture in the Mediterranean basin due to its recognized adaptation to the Mediterranean climate, its resilience to climate change-related risks/shocks and its applicability in food and nutraceutical products. In this thesis, leaves and flowers were collected from wild C. maritimum populations in various Italian regions and compared with a cultivated sample of leaves and a cultivation by-product with the aim of evaluating the carotenoid and tocopherol content in this matrix. High-performance ultra liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detectors and fluorimetric was used to characterize carotenoids and tocopherols for the first time in wild and cultured populations of C. maritimum as from the literature review only spectrophotometric and non-chromatographic methods were used for the determination of carotenoids and tocopherols in C. maritimum. Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and α/γ-tocopherol have been identified. C. maritimum leaves can be considered an important source of lutein, beta-carotene and alpha tocopherol with maximum values of 190.89 mg/kg, 111.05 mg/kg and 528.12 mg/kg dry leaf weight respectively. The regions with a higher content of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene) and tocopherols (α/γ) were Tuscany, Sardinia and Puglia. In cultivated C. maritimum we observe mainly the presence of lutein, while it is deficient in α-tocopherol and β-carotene. Cultivation residues are much less rich in bioactive substances, only lutein and α/γ-tocopherol are present in significant quantities compared to other substances that are present only in trace amounts (β-carotene). C. maritimum could therefore potentially be used in the formulation of foods with high antioxidant potential for the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Il Crithmum maritimum è una pianta alofita facoltativa della famiglia delle Apiaceae (Ombrellifere), conosciuto più comunemente con il nome di finocchio marino. Il C. maritimum è una pianta erbacea fortemente aromatica che cresce spontaneamente lungo le coste del Mediterraneo. Recentemente questa alofita è stata descritta come coltura redditizia, quindi come candidata ideale per la promozione dell’agricoltura alofita nel bacino del Mediterraneo grazie al suo riconosciuto adattamento al clima mediterraneo, alla sua resilienza ai rischi/shock legati ai cambiamenti climatici e alla sua applicabilità in prodotti alimentari e nutraceutici. In questa tesi, sono stati raccolti foglie e fiori da popolazioni di C. maritimum selvatico in varie regioni italiane, e confrontati con un campione coltivato di foglie ed un sottoprodotto di coltivazione con l’obiettivo di valutare il contenuto in carotenoidi e tocoferoli in questa matrice. È stata utilizzata l’ultra cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione accoppiata a rivelatori a serie di fotodiodi e fluorimetrico per caratterizzare i carotenoidi e i tocoferoli per la prima volta nelle popolazioni spontanee e coltivate di C. maritimum in quanto dall’analisi della letteratura sono stati utilizzati solo metodi spettrofotometrici e non cromatografici per la determinazione dei carotenoidi e tocoferoli nel C. maritimum. Sono stati identificati neoxantina, violaxantina, zeaxantina, β-carotene e α/γ-tocoferolo. Le foglie di C. maritimum possono essere considerate un’importante fonte di luteina, beta-carotene e alfa-tocoferolo con valori massimi rispettivamente di: 190,89 mg/kg, 111,05 mg/kg e 528,12 mg/kg peso secco di foglie. Le regioni con un maggior contenuto di composti bioattivi quali carotenoidi (luteina e β-carotene) e tocoferoli (α/γ) sono risultate essere: Toscana, Sardegna e Puglia. Nel C. maritimum coltivato osserviamo soprattutto la presenza di luteina, mentre risulta essere carente in α-tocoferolo e β-carotene. I residui di coltivazione sono molto meno ricchi di sostanze bioattive, solo la luteina e α/γ-tocoferolo sono presenti in quantità rilevanti rispetto ad altre sostanze che invece sono presenti solo in tracce (β-carotene). Il C. maritimum quindi potrebbe essere potenzialmente utilizzato nella formulazione di alimenti con elevato potenziale antiossidante per la prevenzione di malattie associate a stress ossidativo.
Caratterizzazione dei carotenoidi e tocoferoli nel Crithmum maritimum
RAFFAELLI, ARIANNA
2022/2023
Abstract
Crithmum maritimum is a facultative halophytic plant of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), more commonly known as sea fennel. C. maritimum is a highly aromatic herbaceous plant that grows spontaneously along the Mediterranean coasts. Recently, this halophyte has been described as a profitable crop, therefore as an ideal candidate for the promotion of halophyte agriculture in the Mediterranean basin due to its recognized adaptation to the Mediterranean climate, its resilience to climate change-related risks/shocks and its applicability in food and nutraceutical products. In this thesis, leaves and flowers were collected from wild C. maritimum populations in various Italian regions and compared with a cultivated sample of leaves and a cultivation by-product with the aim of evaluating the carotenoid and tocopherol content in this matrix. High-performance ultra liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detectors and fluorimetric was used to characterize carotenoids and tocopherols for the first time in wild and cultured populations of C. maritimum as from the literature review only spectrophotometric and non-chromatographic methods were used for the determination of carotenoids and tocopherols in C. maritimum. Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and α/γ-tocopherol have been identified. C. maritimum leaves can be considered an important source of lutein, beta-carotene and alpha tocopherol with maximum values of 190.89 mg/kg, 111.05 mg/kg and 528.12 mg/kg dry leaf weight respectively. The regions with a higher content of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene) and tocopherols (α/γ) were Tuscany, Sardinia and Puglia. In cultivated C. maritimum we observe mainly the presence of lutein, while it is deficient in α-tocopherol and β-carotene. Cultivation residues are much less rich in bioactive substances, only lutein and α/γ-tocopherol are present in significant quantities compared to other substances that are present only in trace amounts (β-carotene). C. maritimum could therefore potentially be used in the formulation of foods with high antioxidant potential for the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Sea fennel leaves and flowers car. and toc. 1-final.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.85 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.85 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/16027