Introduction: Neuroplasticity is fundamental for the recovery of motor and cognitive functions after brain injuries. Innovative techniques such as Mirror Therapy (MT) and Virtual Reality (VR) have shown promising results in enhancing neuroplasticity. This thesis explores the neurophysiological bases of these techniques using electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during the execution of upper limb movements. Materials and Methods: An experimental repeated measures study in a single session was conducted on healthy subjects between June and December 2023. Subjects performed a reaching and grasping movement of an object, which was then moved from left to right along a predefined straight path, both in a real environment on a magnetic board and on an analogous virtual path in a VR environment. For both contexts, the experiment was organized into five tasks: normal and mirrored movements with both hands, and rest, each repeated three times for one minute in a random order. For the EEG recording, twenty electrodes were applied to the subjects' scalp, following the international 10-20 standard positioning system. EEG traces were analyzed using EEGLAB software through Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis of signals at frequencies of 10 and 15 Hz. For statistical comparative analysis, α was set at 0.01. Results: Ten healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women) were enrolled. EEG analyses performed during rest tasks revealed intense and widespread oscillations at a frequency of 10 Hz, significantly different from motor tasks and uniform among participants, specifically in the central and posterior channels. Brain activation during movements in virtual and real conditions largely overlapped in terms of activation and 15 Hz PSD at the prefrontal, central, temporal, and occipital levels. However, VR was associated with different activation patterns in the parietal areas (P4, P3), 10 Hz PSD in the prefrontal, temporal, and occipital areas, and alpha rhythm suppression during motor tasks. MT demonstrated a reduction in interhemispheric asymmetry associated with unilateral movement, indicating 10 Hz ipsilateral activation to the same in central, parietal, and prefrontal regions. Discussion: The results confirm that MT and VR can positively influence neuroplasticity and functional recovery post-stroke. The EEG showed how these techniques stimulate brain activity in key areas for movement, supporting their clinical efficacy. This study represents the first step in a research pathway that will involve stroke patients to understand the neurophysiological bases of the use of VR and MT.
Introduzione: La neuroplasticità è fondamentale per il recupero delle funzioni motorie e cognitive dopo lesioni cerebrali. Tecniche innovative come la Mirror Therapy (MT) e la Realtà Virtuale (VR) hanno mostrato promettenti risultati nel potenziare la neuroplasticità. Questa tesi esplora le basi neurofisiologiche di queste tecniche utilizzando la registrazione elettroencefalografica (EEG) durante l’esecuzione di movimenti con gli arti superiori. Materiali e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio sperimentale a misure ripetute in singola sessione tra giugno e dicembre 2023 su soggetti sani. I soggetti hanno eseguito un movimento di raggiungimento e presa di un oggetto, che successivamente è stato spostato da sinistra a destra lungo un percorso rettilineo predefinito, sia in ambiente reale su una lavagna magnetica che su un percorso virtuale analogo in ambiente VR. Per entrambi i contesti, l'esperimento è stato organizzato con cinque compiti: movimenti normali e specchiati con entrambe le mani, e riposo, ciascuno ripetuto tre volte per un minuto in ordine casuale. Per la registrazione EEG, venti elettrodi sono stati applicati sul cuoio capelluto dei soggetti, seguendo il sistema di posizionamento standard internazionale 10-20. Le tracce EEG sono state analizzate utilizzando il software EEGLAB mediante analisi delle Componenti Indipendenti (ICA) e della Densità Spettrale di Potenza (PSD) dei segnali a frequenze di 10 e 15 Hz. Per l'analisi comparativa statistica, α è stato fissato a 0,01. Risultati: Sono stati arruolati dieci soggetti sani (5 uomini e 5 donne). Le analisi EEG eseguite durante i compiti di riposo hanno rivelato oscillazioni intense e diffuse a una frequenza di 10 Hz, significativamente diverse rispetto ai compiti motori e uniformi tra i partecipanti, specificamente sui canali centrali e posteriori. L'attivazione cerebrale durante i movimenti in condizioni virtuali e reali è in gran parte sovrapponibile in termini di attivazione e PSD a 15 Hz a livello prefrontale, centrale, temporale e occipitale. Tuttavia, la VR è associata a diversi schemi di attivazione nelle aree parietali (P4, P3), PSD a 10 Hz nelle aree prefrontale, temporale e occipitale e soppressione del ritmo alfa nei task motori. La MT ha dimostrato di ridurre l'asimmetria interemisferica associata al movimento unilaterale, indicando un'attivazione a 10 Hz ipsilateralmente allo stesso nelle regioni centrali, parietali e prefrontali. Discussione: I risultati confermano che la MT e la VR possono influenzare positivamente la neuroplasticità e il recupero funzionale post-ictus. L'EEG ha mostrato come queste tecniche stimolino l'attività cerebrale nelle aree chiave per il movimento, supportando la loro efficacia clinica. Questo studio rappresenta il primo passo in un percorso di ricerca che coinvolgerà pazienti colpiti da ictus per comprendere le basi neurofisiologiche dell'uso della VR e della MT.
Basi neurofisiologiche dell’applicazione della Virtual Reality e della Mirror Therapy in riabilitazione neurologica: uno studio elettroencefalografico dinamico su soggetti sani.
ANNUNZI, FRANCESCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroplasticity is fundamental for the recovery of motor and cognitive functions after brain injuries. Innovative techniques such as Mirror Therapy (MT) and Virtual Reality (VR) have shown promising results in enhancing neuroplasticity. This thesis explores the neurophysiological bases of these techniques using electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during the execution of upper limb movements. Materials and Methods: An experimental repeated measures study in a single session was conducted on healthy subjects between June and December 2023. Subjects performed a reaching and grasping movement of an object, which was then moved from left to right along a predefined straight path, both in a real environment on a magnetic board and on an analogous virtual path in a VR environment. For both contexts, the experiment was organized into five tasks: normal and mirrored movements with both hands, and rest, each repeated three times for one minute in a random order. For the EEG recording, twenty electrodes were applied to the subjects' scalp, following the international 10-20 standard positioning system. EEG traces were analyzed using EEGLAB software through Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis of signals at frequencies of 10 and 15 Hz. For statistical comparative analysis, α was set at 0.01. Results: Ten healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women) were enrolled. EEG analyses performed during rest tasks revealed intense and widespread oscillations at a frequency of 10 Hz, significantly different from motor tasks and uniform among participants, specifically in the central and posterior channels. Brain activation during movements in virtual and real conditions largely overlapped in terms of activation and 15 Hz PSD at the prefrontal, central, temporal, and occipital levels. However, VR was associated with different activation patterns in the parietal areas (P4, P3), 10 Hz PSD in the prefrontal, temporal, and occipital areas, and alpha rhythm suppression during motor tasks. MT demonstrated a reduction in interhemispheric asymmetry associated with unilateral movement, indicating 10 Hz ipsilateral activation to the same in central, parietal, and prefrontal regions. Discussion: The results confirm that MT and VR can positively influence neuroplasticity and functional recovery post-stroke. The EEG showed how these techniques stimulate brain activity in key areas for movement, supporting their clinical efficacy. This study represents the first step in a research pathway that will involve stroke patients to understand the neurophysiological bases of the use of VR and MT.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/17507