Nowadays, the use of rare earth elements is proving to be a topic of fundamental importance, especially from an economic point of view. China, being the only world producer of these elements, has established a monopoly situation, consequently Europe finds itself in a position of total industrial dependence, unable to independently satisfy the needs of their industries. In order to limit the dependence on imports of rare earth elements, numerous studies are currently underway which aim to replace the latter with cheaper and more easily available elements. This thesis project aims to study a particular class of new generation permanent magnets, made without the use of rare earth elements. SFO magnets (SrFe12O19) represent the starting point of this study, having been widely studied and considered as alternatives to traditional permanent magnets, despite having inferior magnetic properties. The main goal is to improve the performance of these SFO magnets by increasing their magnetic properties. To this end, doping with x Al3+ ions (SrFe12−xAlxO19) was carried out. This process involves a reorganization of the atoms within the crystal, increasing the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and consequently improving the resistance to Hc demagnetization. However, replacing magnetic ions with non-magnetic ions also results in a reduction of the MS saturation magnetization. The main idea is therefore to combine the permanent magnets obtained from this research with other magnets characterized by an opposite profile of properties, i.e. high MS and reduced Hc. The SFO−Alx powders, synthesized using the Sol-Gel technique by the Department of Materials Sciences of Uppsala University, were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope, thanks to which it was possible to study their morphology and carry out spectroscopy, from which they were information relating to the composition of the material was obtained. At the end of the study, the samples were sent to the Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry of the University of Genoa, where tests were carried out to calculate the magnetic properties. The results obtained confirmed the effectiveness of the doping, being consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Al giorno d’oggi, l’utilizzo di elementi delle terre rare si sta rivelando un tema di fondamentale importanza, soprattutto dal punto di vista economico. La Cina, essendo l’unico produttore mondiale di questi elementi, ha instaurato una situazione di monopolio, di conseguenza l’Europa si ritrova in una posizione di totale dipendenza industriale, incapace di soddisfare autonomamente le esigenze delle proprie industrie. Al fine di limitare la dipendenza dalle importazioni di elementi delle terre rare, sono attualmente in corso numerosi studi che mirano a sostituire questi ultimi con elementi più economici e facilmente reperibili. Il presente progetto di tesi ha l’obiettivo di studiare una particolare classe di magneti permanenti di nuova generazione, realizzati senza l’impiego di elementi delle terre rare. I magneti SFO (SrFe12O19) rappresentano il punto di partenza di questo studio, essendo stati ampiamente studiati e considerati come alternative ai magneti permanenti tradizionali, nonostante presentino proprietà magnetiche inferiori. L’obiettivo principale è migliorare le prestazioni di questi magneti SFO aumentando le loro proprietà magnetiche. A tal fine, sono stati effettuati dei drogaggi con x ioni di Al3+ (SrFe12−xAlxO19). Questo processo comporta una riorganizzazione degli atomi all’interno del cristallo, incrementando l’anisotropia magnetocristallina e di conseguenza migliorando la resistenza alla demagnetizzazione Hc. Tuttavia, la sostituzione di ioni magnetici con ioni non magnetici comporta anche una riduzione della magnetizzazione di saturazione MS. L’idea principale è quindi combinare i magneti permanenti ottenuti da questa ricerca con altri magneti caratterizzati da un profilo opposto delle proprietà, ossia elevata MS e ridotto Hc. Le polveri SFO−Alx, sintetizzate tramite tecnica Sol-Gel dal Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali dell’Uppsala University, sono state analizzate con un microscopio elettronico a scansione, grazie al quale è stato possibile studiarne la morfologia ed effettuarne la spettroscopia, dalla quale sono state ottenute informazioni relative alla composizione del materiale. Al termine dello studio, i campioni sono stati inviati al Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale dell’Università di Genova, dove sono stati effettuati test per il calcolo delle proprietà magnetiche. I risultati ottenuti hanno confermato l'efficacia del drogaggio, risultando coerenti con le previsioni teoriche.
Nanocompositi per la realizzazione di magneti permanenti senza l'utilizzo di terre rare
CECCA, FRANCESCO PIO
2023/2024
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of rare earth elements is proving to be a topic of fundamental importance, especially from an economic point of view. China, being the only world producer of these elements, has established a monopoly situation, consequently Europe finds itself in a position of total industrial dependence, unable to independently satisfy the needs of their industries. In order to limit the dependence on imports of rare earth elements, numerous studies are currently underway which aim to replace the latter with cheaper and more easily available elements. This thesis project aims to study a particular class of new generation permanent magnets, made without the use of rare earth elements. SFO magnets (SrFe12O19) represent the starting point of this study, having been widely studied and considered as alternatives to traditional permanent magnets, despite having inferior magnetic properties. The main goal is to improve the performance of these SFO magnets by increasing their magnetic properties. To this end, doping with x Al3+ ions (SrFe12−xAlxO19) was carried out. This process involves a reorganization of the atoms within the crystal, increasing the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and consequently improving the resistance to Hc demagnetization. However, replacing magnetic ions with non-magnetic ions also results in a reduction of the MS saturation magnetization. The main idea is therefore to combine the permanent magnets obtained from this research with other magnets characterized by an opposite profile of properties, i.e. high MS and reduced Hc. The SFO−Alx powders, synthesized using the Sol-Gel technique by the Department of Materials Sciences of Uppsala University, were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope, thanks to which it was possible to study their morphology and carry out spectroscopy, from which they were information relating to the composition of the material was obtained. At the end of the study, the samples were sent to the Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry of the University of Genoa, where tests were carried out to calculate the magnetic properties. The results obtained confirmed the effectiveness of the doping, being consistent with the theoretical predictions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/17694