Construction and Demolition Waste or CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) constitutes more than one-third of the waste generated in the EU (European Union) territory. CDW includes within it a wide range of materials such as concrete, bricks, ceramics and tiles, plastics, metals, and wood. Some constituents of construction and demolition waste represent a valuable resource, while others are of lesser interest but can be recovered and reused to produce new goods. The importance of being able to differentiate between the various categories of materials found in CDWs is clear, and this is precisely what the European project RECONSTRUCT (A Territorial Construction System for a Circular Low-Carbon Built Environment; Horizon Europe, GA No. 101082265) is concerned with. RECONSTRUCT is a European project in which several entities are collaborating, such as the Polytechnic University of Marche [www.univpm.it], the companies COMSA [https://www.comsa.com] and SORIGUE [www.sorigue.com]. One of the objectives of this project is to evaluate the possibility of characterizing each category of materials, which constitute construction and demolition waste, through different analysis techniques based on different types of sensors and data processing techniques. In this thesis, the possibility of characterizing CDWs through thermographic analysis is evaluated; a brief summary of the developed project is given below. The purpose of the experimental tests performed was to verify whether emissivity was a sufficient parameter for the complete characterization of individual material categories. By complete characterization, we mean the ability to uniquely distinguish one material from another, based on the different behavior of each material due to differences in emissivity between one category and another. To do this, three repeated active thermography tests were performed for each material sample. The samples were placed inside a heating chamber, and were brought to an appropriate temperature, and then the heating was stopped. The thermal imaging camera sequentially acquired a series of thermograms, from the final instants of heating, to the final stages of cooling. Thermograms taken at the cooling stage, when differences in the behavior of different materials should be most apparent, were considered for emissivity estimation. Paint or tape of known emissivity was applied to each sample in order to have a reliable temperature reference for its calculation; it was also assumed, for simplicity, that the temperature of the sample is the same at all its points. Looking at the thermograms thus obtained, it is possible to see a temperature difference between the area to which the reference was applied and the rest of the sample; then using the thermal data obtained, the emissivity for each material category is calculated. Analysis of the results showed that for many materials the emissivity values are similar or almost coincident, making it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish one category of material from another by considering emissivity alone. In any case, we emphasize the importance of this parameter, which is peculiar to the material considered.
I rifiuti da costruzione e demolizione o CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) costituiscono più di un terzo dei rifiuti prodotti nel territorio UE (Unione Europea). I CDW includono al loro interno una vasta gamma di materiali come calcestruzzo, mattoni, ceramica e piastrelle, materie plastiche, metalli, e legno. Alcuni costituenti dei rifiuti da costruzione e demolizione rappresentano una risorsa di grande valore, mentre altri sono di minor interesse ma possono essere recuperati e riutilizzati per la produzione di nuovi beni. È evidente l’importanza di riuscire a differenziare le varie categorie di materiali presenti nei CDW, proprio di questo si occupa il progetto europeo RECONSTRUCT (A Territorial Construction System for a Circular Low-Carbon Built Environment; Horizon Europe, GA n. 101082265). RECONSTRUCT è un progetto europeo nel quale collaborano diversi enti, come l’Università Politecnica delle Marche [www.univpm.it], le aziende COMSA [https://www.comsa.com] e SORIGUE [www.sorigue.com]. Uno degli obiettivi di questo progetto è quello di valutare la possibilità di caratterizzare ogni categoria di materiali, che costituiscono i rifiuti da costruzione e demolizione, attraverso diverse tecniche di analisi basate su diverse tipologie di sensori e tecniche di processamento dei dati. In questa tesi si valuta la possibilità di caratterizzare i CDW attraverso l’analisi termografica; qui di seguito si riporta un breve riassunto del progetto sviluppato. Lo scopo delle prove sperimentali eseguite è stato quello di verificare se l’emissività fosse un parametro sufficiente per la completa caratterizzazione delle singole categorie di materiali. Per completa caratterizzazione, si intende la possibilità di distinguere in maniera univoca un materiale dall’altro, basandosi sul diverso comportamento di ciascun materiale dovuto alle differenze di emissività tra una categoria e l’altra. Per fare ciò, sono state eseguite tre prove ripetute di termografia attiva, per ogni campione di materiale. I campioni sono stati posizionati all’interno di una camera di riscaldamento, e sono stati portati a una temperatura opportuna, per poi interrompere il riscaldamento. La termocamera ha acquisito in sequenza una serie di termogrammi, dagli istanti finali di riscaldamento, fino alle ultime fasi del raffreddamento. Per la stima dell’emissività sono stati considerati i termogrammi scattati nella fase di raffreddamento, quando le differenze di comportamento dei diversi materiali dovrebbero essere più evidenti. Su ogni campione è stata applicata della vernice o del nastro ad emissività nota, per avere un riferimento attendibile di temperatura per il calcolo della stessa; inoltre si è assunto, per semplicità, che la temperatura del campione sia la stessa in tutti i suoi punti. Osservando i termogrammi così ottenuti è possibile notare una differenza di temperatura tra la zona su cui è stato applicato il riferimento e il resto del campione; utilizzando quindi i dati termici ottenuti si calcola l’emissività per ogni categoria di materiale. Dall’analisi dei risultati è emerso che per molti materiali i valori di emissività sono simili o quasi coincidenti, il che rende difficile, se non impossibile, distinguere una categoria di materiale dall’altra considerando solo l’emissività. Ad ogni modo, si sottolinea l’importanza di questo parametro che è peculiare del materiale considerato.
Caratterizzazione di rifiuti da costruzione e demolizione mediante analisi termografica
ZUCCHI, FRANCESCA MARIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Construction and Demolition Waste or CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) constitutes more than one-third of the waste generated in the EU (European Union) territory. CDW includes within it a wide range of materials such as concrete, bricks, ceramics and tiles, plastics, metals, and wood. Some constituents of construction and demolition waste represent a valuable resource, while others are of lesser interest but can be recovered and reused to produce new goods. The importance of being able to differentiate between the various categories of materials found in CDWs is clear, and this is precisely what the European project RECONSTRUCT (A Territorial Construction System for a Circular Low-Carbon Built Environment; Horizon Europe, GA No. 101082265) is concerned with. RECONSTRUCT is a European project in which several entities are collaborating, such as the Polytechnic University of Marche [www.univpm.it], the companies COMSA [https://www.comsa.com] and SORIGUE [www.sorigue.com]. One of the objectives of this project is to evaluate the possibility of characterizing each category of materials, which constitute construction and demolition waste, through different analysis techniques based on different types of sensors and data processing techniques. In this thesis, the possibility of characterizing CDWs through thermographic analysis is evaluated; a brief summary of the developed project is given below. The purpose of the experimental tests performed was to verify whether emissivity was a sufficient parameter for the complete characterization of individual material categories. By complete characterization, we mean the ability to uniquely distinguish one material from another, based on the different behavior of each material due to differences in emissivity between one category and another. To do this, three repeated active thermography tests were performed for each material sample. The samples were placed inside a heating chamber, and were brought to an appropriate temperature, and then the heating was stopped. The thermal imaging camera sequentially acquired a series of thermograms, from the final instants of heating, to the final stages of cooling. Thermograms taken at the cooling stage, when differences in the behavior of different materials should be most apparent, were considered for emissivity estimation. Paint or tape of known emissivity was applied to each sample in order to have a reliable temperature reference for its calculation; it was also assumed, for simplicity, that the temperature of the sample is the same at all its points. Looking at the thermograms thus obtained, it is possible to see a temperature difference between the area to which the reference was applied and the rest of the sample; then using the thermal data obtained, the emissivity for each material category is calculated. Analysis of the results showed that for many materials the emissivity values are similar or almost coincident, making it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish one category of material from another by considering emissivity alone. In any case, we emphasize the importance of this parameter, which is peculiar to the material considered.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/18058