The objective of this thesis is to analyze, through the study of a real case, the severity of abusive Transfer Pricing practices within a multinational/global business context. Specifically, the paper aims at clarifying the behavior and consequences of intangible assets owned by a company, which exploits their characteristics in order to implement tax avoidance strategies aimed at reducing its tax burden. In this regard, particular forms of debt, especially common in English-speaking countries, are also examined, as they allow for better exploitation of such loopholes within the various tax systems of different countries. Initially, this work introduces the concept of debt, particularly from a business perspective, and addresses the most widespread and widely recognized forms of debt. Subsequently, slightly less common forms of debt are introduced, which nonetheless find application in various sectors, especially in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States. Last, but not least, in this first phase we will see the how these debt instruments are taxed in three different jurisdictions, which will be connected to the final part of the paper. In the second part of the paper, starting from the concept of multinational corporation, along with the Branch-Subsidiary distinction and an introduction to taxation, we will arrive at the concept of Transfer Pricing. From its definition and regulation, we will see the main methods that companies use to hide their profits in low-tax jurisdictions. This section concludes with a dual reference to what will be covered in the third chapter, the role of Transfer Pricing both in the case of intangible assets and in business restructurings. In the third and final part of the paper, a real case of Transfer Pricing will be analyzed. The case in question is McDonald’s, which will first be introduced with some background information, followed by the analysis of tax avoidance cases that occurred in various jurisdictions, focusing in particular on the case involving the transfer of intangible assets from a subsidiary based in Singapore to one based in the United Kingdom, through the use of debt instruments that shielded the company's profits from the burden of taxation. To conclude, we will consider the possible options for tax authorities to determine whether there is a way to counter these suspicious activities and thus ensure that companies pay the taxes they owe.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di analizzare, attraverso lo studio di un caso reale, la gravità delle pratiche abusive di Transfer Pricing all’interno di un contesto aziendale multinazionale/globale. In particolare, l’elaborato mira alla chiarificazione del comportamento e delle conseguenze delle risorse intangibili possedute da un’azienda, che ne sfrutta le caratteristiche al fine di attuare comportamenti di elusione fiscale mirati alla riduzione dell’incidenza fiscale della stessa. A tal proposito vengono anche esaminate delle forme particolari di debito, diffuse soprattutto nei paesi anglofoni, che meglio consentono lo sfruttamento di tali falle all’interno dei vari sistemi fiscali dei diversi paesi. Alla sua origine, il presente lavoro introduce quello che è il debito, soprattutto all’interno di un’ottica aziendale, e si occupa quindi di tutte le forme di debito più diffuse e maggiormente riconosciute. Successivamente vengono introdotte delle forme di debito leggermente meno diffuse, che però trovano applicazione in diversi ambiti soprattutto in paesi come il Regno Unito o gli Stati Uniti. Ultimo, ma non meno importante, passaggio di questa prima fase è la spiegazione di come tali strumenti di debito vengono tassati in tre diverse giurisdizioni che si andranno poi a ricollegare con l’ultima parte dell’elaborato. Nella seconda parte dell’elaborato, partendo dal concetto di MNC insieme alla differenza Branch-Subsidiary e ad un’introduzione alla tassazione, si arriva alla definizione di Transfer Pricing; dalla sua definizione e regolamentazione si giunge alla spiegazione dei principali metodi che le aziende utilizzano per nascondere i propri profitti in giurisdizioni a basso regime fiscale. Questa parte del lavoro si conclude con un duplice rimando a quello che vedremo poi nel terzo capitolo, ovverosia il ruolo del Transfer Pricing sia quando si tratta di beni intangibili, sia quando si parla di ristrutturazioni aziendali. Nella terza e ultima parte dell’elaborato andremo ad analizzare un caso reale di utilizzo del Transfer Pricing al fine di abbattere drasticamente l’incombenza fiscale di un’azienda globale. Si tratta del caso McDonald’s, di cui prima andremo a vedere qualche dato introduttivo e poi i casi di elusione avvenuti in varie giurisdizioni, soffermandoci in particolare sul caso riguardante il trasferimento di beni intangibili (in questo caso diritti di riscossione dei profitti di vari franchising) da una subsidiary stabilita in Singapore a una stabilita nel Regno Unito, attraverso l’utilizzo di strumenti di debito che hanno protetto i profitti dell’azienda dalla scure della tassazione. Per concludere si guarderà alle possibili opzioni delle autorità fiscali in materia, al fine di capire se esista la possibilità di contrastare tali movimenti sospetti e quindi portare le aziende a versare le tasse dovute.
McDonald's and its utilization of Transfer Pricing.
GISMONDI, FEDERICO
2023/2024
Abstract
The objective of this thesis is to analyze, through the study of a real case, the severity of abusive Transfer Pricing practices within a multinational/global business context. Specifically, the paper aims at clarifying the behavior and consequences of intangible assets owned by a company, which exploits their characteristics in order to implement tax avoidance strategies aimed at reducing its tax burden. In this regard, particular forms of debt, especially common in English-speaking countries, are also examined, as they allow for better exploitation of such loopholes within the various tax systems of different countries. Initially, this work introduces the concept of debt, particularly from a business perspective, and addresses the most widespread and widely recognized forms of debt. Subsequently, slightly less common forms of debt are introduced, which nonetheless find application in various sectors, especially in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States. Last, but not least, in this first phase we will see the how these debt instruments are taxed in three different jurisdictions, which will be connected to the final part of the paper. In the second part of the paper, starting from the concept of multinational corporation, along with the Branch-Subsidiary distinction and an introduction to taxation, we will arrive at the concept of Transfer Pricing. From its definition and regulation, we will see the main methods that companies use to hide their profits in low-tax jurisdictions. This section concludes with a dual reference to what will be covered in the third chapter, the role of Transfer Pricing both in the case of intangible assets and in business restructurings. In the third and final part of the paper, a real case of Transfer Pricing will be analyzed. The case in question is McDonald’s, which will first be introduced with some background information, followed by the analysis of tax avoidance cases that occurred in various jurisdictions, focusing in particular on the case involving the transfer of intangible assets from a subsidiary based in Singapore to one based in the United Kingdom, through the use of debt instruments that shielded the company's profits from the burden of taxation. To conclude, we will consider the possible options for tax authorities to determine whether there is a way to counter these suspicious activities and thus ensure that companies pay the taxes they owe.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi Magistrale "McDonald's and it's utilization of Transfer Pricing" Gismondi
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/18726