"Decarbonizing Italy’s Energy Sector: The Role of Hydrogen by 2030 and 2050"

Moving to a low-carbon economy is crucial for fighting climate change, and hydrogen is becoming an important solution in the global shift to cleaner energy. This research examines how hydrogen can help reduce carbon emissions in Italy's energy sector. It focuses on how hydrogen can support Italy in meeting its 2030 and 2050 climate goals and contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study examines how hydrogen can cut Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and compares Italy’s progress and challenges with other European countries. The study begins with evaluating the current decarbonization efforts in Italy’s energy sector, highlighting critical areas where hydrogen technologies can drive progress. The analysis explores hydrogen applications across industries, emphasizing their economic feasibility, scalability, and contribution to sustainable development. Technological advancements in hydrogen production, such as Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) with carbon capture, electrolysis powered by renewable energy, and biomass gasification are examined to understand their role in fostering a robust hydrogen economy. The thesis incorporates advanced modeling using Aspen HYSYS to simulate Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) for hydrogen production and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) for combined heat and power (CHP) systems. These models provide insights into the efficiency and practicality of deploying hydrogen technologies on a scale. The research underscores the transformative potential of PEM fuel cells in decarbonizing urban energy systems by improving energy efficiency and enabling clean energy integration. The role of PEMFCs is particularly vital in achieving Italy’s decarbonization targets by 2030 and 2050, as they offer a sustainable solution for reducing emissions in residential, industrial, and transportation sectors. Through a comparative analysis with other European countries, the study identifies the best practices and opportunities for international collaboration, emphasizing the importance of strategic investments, innovative policy frameworks, and cross-border partnerships. The conclusions stress that hydrogen technologies, supported by PEM fuel cells for efficient CHP, are integral to achieving a sustainable and decarbonized future for Italy. Policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers are provided with actionable recommendations to accelerate Italy’s progress toward its climate goals, contributing to the broader objectives of the European Green Deal and SDGs.