ABSTRACT Fungal diseases can cause significant yield and quality losses in grapevines. The massive use of fungicides is still the main tool used to prevent infections but concerns for human health and environment led to a review of agricultural practices and restrictions on widely used active substances. In this thesis, the effectiveness of basic substances and low-risk active substances in controlling powdery mildew was tested, and grape production and quality were evaluated. The trial was conducted in a vineyard cv Montepulciano, in Ancona. A total of 23 compounds were tested, all of which were applied alone for the entire 2024 season. Their effectiveness was compared with copper, sulfur, farm application, an untreated control, and one sprayed with water. Disease incidence, severity, and McKinney Index (IMK) on both leaves and bunches were estimated. At low powdery mildew pressure, the incidence and IMK were reduced by all tested compounds, except magnesium hydroxide, fructose, sucrose, and Salix spp. cortex. At higher powdery mildew pressure, some compounds, such as 0.1% chitosan, contained the severity of symptoms, but not the disease incidence and IMK. Lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, whey, and sweet orange essential oil (EO) ensured satisfactory levels of protection even in the presence of high disease pressure. In BBCH77, treatments with sodium bicarbonate, salt, milk and whey significantly reduced the IMK on bunches compared to the untreated control, by 78%, 84%, 78%, and 84%, respectively. With increasing disease pressure (BBCH81) significant reductions in IMK were recorded compared to untreated bunches with lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, cow milk, whey, and sweet orange EO, by 46%, 57%, 60%, 43%, 50%, and 42%, respectively. These values were similar to those observed in plots treated with sulfur but lower compared to farm applications. On leaves (BBCH89), IMK was significantly reduced compared to untreated plants with almost all compounds. Salt, milk, whey, and sweet orange EO ensured reductions of 93%, 97%, 85%, and 92% respectively, at the same level of sulfur treatment. None of the substances exhibited any negative effects on production and oenological parameters. This thesis offers interesting insights into the potential of different natural substances in grapevine protection, which may be important in a circular economy perspective. The result variability, observed as a function of the disease pressure in the different assessments, underlines the importance of persisting in research for the development of sustainable powdery mildew management strategies from both an economic and environmental point of view.
RIASSUNTO Le malattie fungine della vite possono causare importanti perdite di resa e di qualità. L’utilizzo massiccio di fungicidi è ancora oggi la principale risposta a queste minacce, ma le preoccupazioni per la salute umana e l’ambiente hanno portato a una revisione delle pratiche agricole e delle sostanze comunemente impiegate. In questa tesi è stata testata l’efficacia di sostanze di base e di sostanze a basso rischio per il controllo dell’oidio, valutando eventuali effetti sulla produzione e sulla qualità delle uve. La prova è stata condotta in un vigneto cv Montepulciano, ad Ancona. Sono stati saggiati 23 composti in applicazione singola per l’intera stagione 2024. La loro efficacia è stata confrontata con trattamenti rameici, a base di zolfo, aziendali, un testimone non trattato e uno irrorato con acqua. Sono state stimate la diffusione, la gravità e l’Indice di McKinney (IMK), o intensità media ponderata della malattia, sia su foglie sia su grappoli. In presenza di bassa pressione oidica, la diffusione e l’IMK sono stati ridotti da tutti i composti testati, tranne idrossido di magnesio, fruttosio, saccarosio e corteccia di Salix spp. Con pressione della malattia superiore alcuni composti, come il chitosano allo 0,1%, hanno contenuto la gravità dei sintomi sugli organi infetti, ma non la diffusione e l’IMK della malattia. Lecitina di soia, bicarbonato di sodio, sale, siero di latte e olio essenziale (OE) di arancio dolce hanno invece assicurato livelli di protezione soddisfacenti anche in presenza di elevata pressione oidica. In fase BBCH77, trattamenti con bicarbonato di sodio, sale, latte e siero di latte hanno ridotto significativamente l’IMK su grappoli rispetto al testimone non trattato, rispettivamente del 78%, 64%, 78% e 84%. Con pressione di malattia crescente (BBCH81) e similmente ai trattamenti parcellari con zolfo ma in maniera minore rispetto al testimone aziendale, si sono registrate riduzioni significative dell’IMK rispetto ai grappoli non trattati, con lecitina di soia, bicarbonato di sodio, sale, latte, siero di latte ed OE di arancio dolce, rispettivamente del 46%, 57%, 60%, 43%, 50% e 42%. Su foglie (BBCH89), l’IMK è stato ridotto significativamente rispetto alle piante non trattate con quasi tutti i composti. Sale, latte, siero e OE di arancio dolce hanno garantito riduzioni rispettive del 93%, 97%, 85% e 92%, al pari dello zolfo. Nessuna sostanza ha avuto effetti negativi sulla produzione ed i parametri enologici. Questa tesi offre spunti interessanti sulle potenzialità di diverse sostanze naturali in fitoiatria. La variabilità dei dati in funzione della pressione oidica evidenzia l’importanza di insistere nella ricerca per la messa a punto di strategie di gestione dell’oidio sostenibili da un punto di vista sia economico sia ambientale.
Sostanze di base e di sostanze attive a basso rischio per la protezione antiodica della vite
PALUMBO, CARMELA
2023/2024
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fungal diseases can cause significant yield and quality losses in grapevines. The massive use of fungicides is still the main tool used to prevent infections but concerns for human health and environment led to a review of agricultural practices and restrictions on widely used active substances. In this thesis, the effectiveness of basic substances and low-risk active substances in controlling powdery mildew was tested, and grape production and quality were evaluated. The trial was conducted in a vineyard cv Montepulciano, in Ancona. A total of 23 compounds were tested, all of which were applied alone for the entire 2024 season. Their effectiveness was compared with copper, sulfur, farm application, an untreated control, and one sprayed with water. Disease incidence, severity, and McKinney Index (IMK) on both leaves and bunches were estimated. At low powdery mildew pressure, the incidence and IMK were reduced by all tested compounds, except magnesium hydroxide, fructose, sucrose, and Salix spp. cortex. At higher powdery mildew pressure, some compounds, such as 0.1% chitosan, contained the severity of symptoms, but not the disease incidence and IMK. Lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, whey, and sweet orange essential oil (EO) ensured satisfactory levels of protection even in the presence of high disease pressure. In BBCH77, treatments with sodium bicarbonate, salt, milk and whey significantly reduced the IMK on bunches compared to the untreated control, by 78%, 84%, 78%, and 84%, respectively. With increasing disease pressure (BBCH81) significant reductions in IMK were recorded compared to untreated bunches with lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, cow milk, whey, and sweet orange EO, by 46%, 57%, 60%, 43%, 50%, and 42%, respectively. These values were similar to those observed in plots treated with sulfur but lower compared to farm applications. On leaves (BBCH89), IMK was significantly reduced compared to untreated plants with almost all compounds. Salt, milk, whey, and sweet orange EO ensured reductions of 93%, 97%, 85%, and 92% respectively, at the same level of sulfur treatment. None of the substances exhibited any negative effects on production and oenological parameters. This thesis offers interesting insights into the potential of different natural substances in grapevine protection, which may be important in a circular economy perspective. The result variability, observed as a function of the disease pressure in the different assessments, underlines the importance of persisting in research for the development of sustainable powdery mildew management strategies from both an economic and environmental point of view.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Carmela Palumbo.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/20240