Pregnancy is a complex physiological process that requires significant adaptations in the maternal organism to support fetal development. These adaptations involve the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and metabolic systems, ensuring nourishment, oxygenation, and protection for the growing fetus. Fetal development, in turn, progresses through well-defined stages, from organ formation during the embryonic period to full maturation in the fetal period. Fetal circulation, characterized by unique mechanisms such as the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale, enables the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. To monitor the health of both mother and fetus, diagnostic techniques, both invasive and non-invasive, are available. Among the non-invasive techniques, prenatal ultrasound and fetal DNA testing are fundamental tools for monitoring fetal development and early diagnosis of anomalies. Invasive techniques, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, although useful for identifying genetic or chromosomal disorders, carry a minimal risk of complications, such as miscarriage. The choice of technique depends on the pregnancy’s risk profile and the mother’s condition. However, pregnancy entails risks for both the mother and the fetus. For the mother, complications may include gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, and anemia. For the fetus, key risks include congenital defects, fetal distress, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth, which may affect neonatal health and postnatal development. In this context, the present study focuses on the analysis of maternal and fetal electrocardiographic (ECG) signals during pre- and post-delivery phases using non-invasive devices such as KardiaMobile 6L and FrontierX. The experimental protocol included measurements during various daily activities and times of the day. The collected data show, during the pre-delivery period, an increase in maternal heart rate and ECG signal amplitude, consistent with the heightened metabolic and cardiovascular demands of pregnancy. In the post-delivery period, a gradual reduction in heart rate and a return to normal parameters were observed within four months postpartum. Furthermore, the analysis of ECG signals enabled the detection of fetal heart activity, distinguishable by its higher frequency compared to the maternal heart rate. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of non-invasive devices in monitoring cardiovascular health during pregnancy and the postpartum period, highlighting the remarkable adaptability of the maternal heart and the ability to assess fetal well-being safely. These tools provide significant support for optimal pregnancy management, minimizing risks for both mother and child.
La gravidanza è un processo fisiologico complesso che richiede significativi adattamenti nell’organismo materno per supportare lo sviluppo del feto. Tali adattamenti coinvolgono i sistemi cardiovascolare, respiratorio, endocrino e metabolico, garantendo nutrimento, ossigenazione e protezione per il feto in crescita. Lo sviluppo fetale, a sua volta, si articola in fasi ben definite, dalla formazione degli organi durante il periodo embrionale alla maturazione completa nel periodo fetale. La circolazione fetale, caratterizzata da meccanismi unici come il dotto arterioso di Botallo e il forame ovale, consente il trasferimento di ossigeno e nutrienti dalla madre al feto tramite la placenta. Per monitorare la salute di madre e feto, sono disponibili tecniche diagnostiche sia invasive che non invasive. Tra le tecniche non invasive, l’ecografia prenatale e il test del DNA fetale rappresentano strumenti fondamentali per il controllo dello sviluppo fetale e per la diagnosi precoce di anomalie. Le tecniche invasive, come l’amniocentesi e la villocentesi, seppur utili per identificare patologie genetiche o cromosomiche, comportano un rischio, seppur minimo, di complicazioni come aborto spontaneo. La scelta della tecnica dipende dal profilo di rischio della gravidanza e dalla condizione materna. Tuttavia, la gravidanza comporta rischi sia per la madre che per il feto. Per la madre, possono insorgere complicazioni quali diabete gestazionale, preeclampsia, tromboembolia venosa e anemia. Per il feto, i principali rischi includono difetti congeniti, sofferenza fetale, restrizione della crescita intrauterina (IUGR) e parto pretermine, che possono compromettere la salute neonatale e lo sviluppo post- natale. In questo contesto, il presente studio si concentra sull’analisi del segnale elettrocardiografico (ECG) materno e fetale durante le fasi pre parto e post parto, utilizzando dispositivi non invasivi come KardiaMobile 6L e FrontierX. Il protocollo sperimentale ha previsto misurazioni durante diverse attività quotidiane e momenti della giornata. I dati raccolti mostrano, nel periodo pre parto, un aumento della frequenza cardiaca e dell’ampiezza del segnale ECG materno, in linea con le maggiori esigenze metaboliche e cardiovascolari della gestazione. Nel periodo post parto, si osserva una graduale riduzione della frequenza cardiaca e un ritorno ai parametri normali entro quattro mesi dal parto. Inoltre, l’analisi dei segnali ECG ha permesso di rilevare l’attività cardiaca fetale, distinta per la sua frequenza più elevata rispetto a quella materna. In conclusione, lo studio dimostra l’efficacia dei dispositivi non invasivi per il monitoraggio della salute cardiovascolare durante la gravidanza e il post parto, evidenziando la straordinaria capacità di adattamento del cuore materno e la possibilità di valutare il benessere fetale in modo sicuro. Questi strumenti rappresentano un importante supporto per una gestione ottimale della gravidanza, riducendo al minimo i rischi per madre e bambino.
Collezione di tracciati elettrocardiaci nel periodo perinatale
VENEZIANI, ROBERTA
2023/2024
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex physiological process that requires significant adaptations in the maternal organism to support fetal development. These adaptations involve the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and metabolic systems, ensuring nourishment, oxygenation, and protection for the growing fetus. Fetal development, in turn, progresses through well-defined stages, from organ formation during the embryonic period to full maturation in the fetal period. Fetal circulation, characterized by unique mechanisms such as the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale, enables the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. To monitor the health of both mother and fetus, diagnostic techniques, both invasive and non-invasive, are available. Among the non-invasive techniques, prenatal ultrasound and fetal DNA testing are fundamental tools for monitoring fetal development and early diagnosis of anomalies. Invasive techniques, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, although useful for identifying genetic or chromosomal disorders, carry a minimal risk of complications, such as miscarriage. The choice of technique depends on the pregnancy’s risk profile and the mother’s condition. However, pregnancy entails risks for both the mother and the fetus. For the mother, complications may include gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, and anemia. For the fetus, key risks include congenital defects, fetal distress, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth, which may affect neonatal health and postnatal development. In this context, the present study focuses on the analysis of maternal and fetal electrocardiographic (ECG) signals during pre- and post-delivery phases using non-invasive devices such as KardiaMobile 6L and FrontierX. The experimental protocol included measurements during various daily activities and times of the day. The collected data show, during the pre-delivery period, an increase in maternal heart rate and ECG signal amplitude, consistent with the heightened metabolic and cardiovascular demands of pregnancy. In the post-delivery period, a gradual reduction in heart rate and a return to normal parameters were observed within four months postpartum. Furthermore, the analysis of ECG signals enabled the detection of fetal heart activity, distinguishable by its higher frequency compared to the maternal heart rate. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of non-invasive devices in monitoring cardiovascular health during pregnancy and the postpartum period, highlighting the remarkable adaptability of the maternal heart and the ability to assess fetal well-being safely. These tools provide significant support for optimal pregnancy management, minimizing risks for both mother and child.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/20319