This thesis examines the OECD’s two-pillar framework, with a primary focus on Pillar 1, which addresses the challenges of taxing multinational enterprises (MNEs) in an increasingly digital and globalized economy. The reforms aim to modernize international taxation by reallocating taxing rights to market jurisdictions, ensuring that profits are taxed where economic activities and value creation occur. Pillar 1 represents a significant departure from traditional tax principles based on physical presence, introducing new mechanisms like Amount A and Amount B to tackle profit shifting and base erosion. Amount A reallocates a portion of residual profits to market jurisdictions, while Amount B simplifies transfer pricing for routine activities. These changes are designed to create a fairer and more transparent tax system, particularly for highly digitalized and consumer-facing businesses. The analysis highlights the framework’s potential to reduce tax avoidance and increase revenues for high-tax jurisdictions. However, it also reveals challenges, especially for low-tax and developing countries that may face revenue losses and a need to adapt their economic strategies. The thesis explores the administrative and compliance burdens associated with the reforms, emphasizing the complexity of implementation and the need for international cooperation to address disputes and enforce the rules effectively. While the OECD’s framework marks a historic step toward global tax fairness, it is not without flaws. The study underscores the importance of continued reform, monitoring the impact of these rules, and refining policies to address unintended consequences, such as changes in investment patterns and corporate restructuring. In conclusion, the two-pillar approach offers a foundation for a more equitable and sustainable global tax system. However, its success will depend on how well countries implement and adapt it over time, particularly in ensuring fairness and supporting the needs of developing economies. This thesis provides insights into the framework’s strengths, limitations, and areas for future improvement, contributing to the ongoing debate about the future of international taxation.
Questa tesi esamina il quadro a due pilastri dell’OCSE, con un focus principale sul Pilastro 1, che affronta le sfide legate alla tassazione delle imprese multinazionali (MNE) in un’economia sempre più digitalizzata e globalizzata. Le riforme mirano a modernizzare il sistema fiscale internazionale attraverso la riallocazione dei diritti di imposizione alle giurisdizioni di mercato, garantendo che i profitti siano tassati laddove si svolgono le attività economiche e si crea valore. Il Pilastro 1 rappresenta un’importante deviazione dai principi fiscali tradizionali basati sulla presenza fisica, introducendo nuovi meccanismi come l’Ammontare A e l’Ammontare B per affrontare il trasferimento di profitti e l’erosione della base imponibile. L’Ammontare A rialloca una parte dei profitti residui alle giurisdizioni di mercato, mentre l’Ammontare B semplifica la determinazione dei prezzi di trasferimento per le attività routinarie. Questi cambiamenti sono progettati per creare un sistema fiscale più equo e trasparente, in particolare per le imprese altamente digitalizzate e orientate al consumo. L’analisi evidenzia il potenziale del quadro normativo nel ridurre l’elusione fiscale e incrementare le entrate per le giurisdizioni ad alta tassazione. Tuttavia, emergono anche delle sfide, soprattutto per i paesi a bassa tassazione e in via di sviluppo, che potrebbero subire perdite di entrate e la necessità di adattare le proprie strategie economiche. La tesi esplora i costi amministrativi e gli oneri di conformità associati alle riforme, sottolineando la complessità dell’implementazione e la necessità di cooperazione internazionale per risolvere le controversie e applicare efficacemente le regole. Sebbene il quadro dell’OCSE rappresenti un passo storico verso una maggiore equità fiscale globale, non è privo di difetti. Lo studio evidenzia l’importanza di riforme continue, del monitoraggio dell’impatto di queste regole e della messa a punto di politiche per affrontare le conseguenze indesiderate, come i cambiamenti nei modelli di investimento e le ristrutturazioni aziendali. In conclusione, l’approccio a due pilastri offre una base per un sistema fiscale globale più equo e sostenibile. Tuttavia, il suo successo dipenderà da quanto efficacemente i paesi riusciranno a implementarlo e ad adattarlo nel tempo, garantendo equità e supportando le esigenze delle economie in via di sviluppo. Questa tesi fornisce approfondimenti sui punti di forza, le limitazioni e le aree di miglioramento del quadro, contribuendo al dibattito in corso sul futuro della tassazione internazionale.
Pillar One of the Global Minimum Tax: Implications for the Taxation of Multinationals.
LORETANI, LUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis examines the OECD’s two-pillar framework, with a primary focus on Pillar 1, which addresses the challenges of taxing multinational enterprises (MNEs) in an increasingly digital and globalized economy. The reforms aim to modernize international taxation by reallocating taxing rights to market jurisdictions, ensuring that profits are taxed where economic activities and value creation occur. Pillar 1 represents a significant departure from traditional tax principles based on physical presence, introducing new mechanisms like Amount A and Amount B to tackle profit shifting and base erosion. Amount A reallocates a portion of residual profits to market jurisdictions, while Amount B simplifies transfer pricing for routine activities. These changes are designed to create a fairer and more transparent tax system, particularly for highly digitalized and consumer-facing businesses. The analysis highlights the framework’s potential to reduce tax avoidance and increase revenues for high-tax jurisdictions. However, it also reveals challenges, especially for low-tax and developing countries that may face revenue losses and a need to adapt their economic strategies. The thesis explores the administrative and compliance burdens associated with the reforms, emphasizing the complexity of implementation and the need for international cooperation to address disputes and enforce the rules effectively. While the OECD’s framework marks a historic step toward global tax fairness, it is not without flaws. The study underscores the importance of continued reform, monitoring the impact of these rules, and refining policies to address unintended consequences, such as changes in investment patterns and corporate restructuring. In conclusion, the two-pillar approach offers a foundation for a more equitable and sustainable global tax system. However, its success will depend on how well countries implement and adapt it over time, particularly in ensuring fairness and supporting the needs of developing economies. This thesis provides insights into the framework’s strengths, limitations, and areas for future improvement, contributing to the ongoing debate about the future of international taxation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/20572