Bumblebees, cold-adapted social bees, play a crucial role as primary pollinators in temperate and boreal ecosystems. Their populations contribute significantly to pollination services. However, despite the genus-wide capacity for adaptation, bumblebee species are facing the threat of climate change. In particular, the increase in average temperatures, the intensification of seasonal variations, and the growing frequency of extreme weather events pose serious risks to their survival. Although individual bumblebees or colonies can partially compensate for temperature fluctuations through thermoregulatory mechanisms, most species are expected to exhibit specific phenotypic plasticity responses—evolutionary changes in traits—in response to moderate climate change scenarios. This updated analysis examines the various strategies bumblebees employ to cope with the challenges posed by current and future global changes. Examples relating to bumblebee physiology, morphology, behavior, and phenology are presented to illustrate and discuss the framework of this emerging theoretical model. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the ability of bumblebees to disperse and track favorable climatic conditions may influence their adaptive responses to climate change. Bridging current knowledge gaps and deepening our understanding of bumblebees’ adaptive capacity or avoidance strategies in relation to different climatic conditions is essential to improve existing models of species' climate responses. These models are crucial for making accurate predictions about species’ vulnerability to future climate change and human-induced environmental alterations, and for developing appropriate conservation strategies.
I bombi, api sociali adattabili al freddo, svolgono un ruolo chiave come impollinatori primari negli ecosistemi temperati e boreali, contribuendo in modo significativo ai servizi di impollinazione. Nonostante la loro ampia capacità di adattamento a livello di genere, le specie di bombi sono sempre più minacciate dal cambiamento climatico. L’aumento delle temperature medie, l’intensificarsi delle variazioni stagionali e la crescente frequenza di eventi meteorologici estremi rappresentano seri rischi per la loro sopravvivenza. Sebbene individui o colonie possano in parte compensare lo stress termico attraverso meccanismi di termoregolazione, si prevede che la maggior parte delle specie risponderà a scenari moderati di cambiamento climatico mediante specifiche forme di plasticità fenotipica ed evoluzione di tratti. Questa analisi aggiornata esamina le diverse strategie attraverso cui i bombi cercano di far fronte ai cambiamenti globali attuali e futuri. Esempi relativi a fisiologia, morfologia, comportamento e fenologia illustrano e supportano un nuovo quadro teorico. Viene inoltre considerato il potenziale ruolo della capacità di dispersione, che permetterebbe ai bombi di seguire condizioni climatiche favorevoli, come fattore determinante nelle loro risposte adattative. Colmare le attuali lacune conoscitive e migliorare la comprensione della capacità di adattamento o delle strategie di evitamento dei bombi in relazione alle diverse condizioni climatiche è essenziale per perfezionare i modelli attuali di risposta delle specie. Tali modelli sono fondamentali per formulare previsioni accurate sulla vulnerabilità delle specie ai cambiamenti climatici e alle alterazioni ambientali di origine antropica, e per definire strategie di conservazione efficaci.
Resilienza dei bombi ai cambiamenti climatici
RINALDI, BEATRICE
2024/2025
Abstract
Bumblebees, cold-adapted social bees, play a crucial role as primary pollinators in temperate and boreal ecosystems. Their populations contribute significantly to pollination services. However, despite the genus-wide capacity for adaptation, bumblebee species are facing the threat of climate change. In particular, the increase in average temperatures, the intensification of seasonal variations, and the growing frequency of extreme weather events pose serious risks to their survival. Although individual bumblebees or colonies can partially compensate for temperature fluctuations through thermoregulatory mechanisms, most species are expected to exhibit specific phenotypic plasticity responses—evolutionary changes in traits—in response to moderate climate change scenarios. This updated analysis examines the various strategies bumblebees employ to cope with the challenges posed by current and future global changes. Examples relating to bumblebee physiology, morphology, behavior, and phenology are presented to illustrate and discuss the framework of this emerging theoretical model. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the ability of bumblebees to disperse and track favorable climatic conditions may influence their adaptive responses to climate change. Bridging current knowledge gaps and deepening our understanding of bumblebees’ adaptive capacity or avoidance strategies in relation to different climatic conditions is essential to improve existing models of species' climate responses. These models are crucial for making accurate predictions about species’ vulnerability to future climate change and human-induced environmental alterations, and for developing appropriate conservation strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/22551