Vegetable agro-industrial by-products are an important source of health-promoting bioactive compounds, but they are not valorised as they should be. In this thesis, tomato (TP) and cauliflower florets and leaves (CFP, CLP) by-products were transformed in bioactive powders used to formulate salted muffins. Three flours (TP, CLP and CFP) and five muffins with different percentage of enrichment (from 20% to 50%) were obtained (i.e., CTRL, C20, C20T10, C20T20, C20T30). The enriched muffins were analysed for their physicochemical properties, bioactive compound content (polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols), colour, texture, and sensory characteristics. TP showed the highest amount of bioactive compounds such as total phenols (7.57 mg GAE/g), lycopene (522.25 µg/g dw), b-car (285.85 µg/g dw), and α-tocopherol (174.32 µg/g), while CLP was rich in lutein (102.36 µg/g). Formulated muffins showed an enrichment of all bioactive compounds, especially in C20T30 which contributed to provide up to 255 µg retinol equivalents (RE) and 2.75 mg of vitamin E per serving. For this reason, C20T30 can be classified as “high in vitamin A” and as “source of vitamin E”. Although the addition of TP increased muffin hardness and decreased the specific volume, and significantly changed the colour, the formulation with the highest TP content (C20T30) was mostly appreciated for its aroma and taste. On the other hand, C20 was preferred for its texture and delicate taste. Therefore, tomato and cauliflower powder obtained from by-products can be promising ingredients for innovative healthy bakery products.
I sottoprodotti agroindustriali vegetali sono una fonte importante di composti bioattivi benefici per la salute, ma non sono valorizzati come dovrebbero. In questa tesi i sottoprodotti di pomodoro (TP) e le cime e le foglie di cavolfiore (CFP, CLP) sono stati trasformati in farine bioattive usate nella formulazione di muffin salati. Sono state ottenute tre farine (TP, CLP e CFP) e cinque muffin (i.e., CTRL, C20, C20T10, C20T20, C20T30) a diverse percentuali di arricchimento (dal 20% al 50%). I muffin arricchiti sono stati analizzati per le loro proprietà fisico-chimiche, quantità di composti bioattivi (polifenoli, carotenoidi e tocoferoli), colore, texture e caratteristiche sensoriali. TP ha registrato i valori più alti di composti bioattivi, come polifenoli totali (7.57 mg GAE/g), licopene (522.25 µg/g dw), b-car (285.85 µg/g dw), e α-tocoferolo (174.32 µg/g), mentre CLP è ricco di luteina (102.36 µg/g). I muffin formulati hanno mostrato un arricchimento di tutti i composti bioattivi, specialmente nella formulazione C20T30 che contribuisce a provvedere fino a 255 µg di retinolo equivalente (RE) e 2.75 mg di vitamina E per muffin. Per questa ragione, C20T30 può essere considerato “ad alto contenuto di vitamina A” e “fonte di vitamina E”. Nonostante l’aggiunta di TP ha aumentato la durezza e diminuito il volume specifico e ha cambiato significativamente il colore, la formulazione con il contenuto più alto di TP (C20T30) è stata maggiormente apprezzata per il suo aroma e sapore. D’altra parte, C20 è stato preferito per la sua texture e il suo sapore delicato. Per questi motivi, le farine di pomodoro e cavolfiore ottenute dai sottoprodotti possono essere ingredienti promettenti per prodotti da forno innovativi e salutari.
Valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti agroindustriali di pomodoro e cavolfiore nella formulazione di muffin salati
LA PORTA, MICHELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Vegetable agro-industrial by-products are an important source of health-promoting bioactive compounds, but they are not valorised as they should be. In this thesis, tomato (TP) and cauliflower florets and leaves (CFP, CLP) by-products were transformed in bioactive powders used to formulate salted muffins. Three flours (TP, CLP and CFP) and five muffins with different percentage of enrichment (from 20% to 50%) were obtained (i.e., CTRL, C20, C20T10, C20T20, C20T30). The enriched muffins were analysed for their physicochemical properties, bioactive compound content (polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols), colour, texture, and sensory characteristics. TP showed the highest amount of bioactive compounds such as total phenols (7.57 mg GAE/g), lycopene (522.25 µg/g dw), b-car (285.85 µg/g dw), and α-tocopherol (174.32 µg/g), while CLP was rich in lutein (102.36 µg/g). Formulated muffins showed an enrichment of all bioactive compounds, especially in C20T30 which contributed to provide up to 255 µg retinol equivalents (RE) and 2.75 mg of vitamin E per serving. For this reason, C20T30 can be classified as “high in vitamin A” and as “source of vitamin E”. Although the addition of TP increased muffin hardness and decreased the specific volume, and significantly changed the colour, the formulation with the highest TP content (C20T30) was mostly appreciated for its aroma and taste. On the other hand, C20 was preferred for its texture and delicate taste. Therefore, tomato and cauliflower powder obtained from by-products can be promising ingredients for innovative healthy bakery products.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23207