In this thesis, chemical characterization including protein content, amino acid profile, lipid content, and fatty acid profile, was carried out on four different varieties of sunflower and their corresponding pressed cakes produced by oil extraction. Furthermore, the most protein-rich pressed cake was utilized for enriching various homemade pasta formulations. The protein content in this pressing cake was 24.3%, which originated from the variety Peredovick, and was further used for pasta enrichment by substitution of wheat flour at 20, 30 and 40%. The cake was subjected to extraction with a mix of ethanol:water to minimize the content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) which is an obstacle to protein digestion and solubility. The concentration of CGA was decreased from (0.54 mg/g) in the sunflower cake to (0.10 mg/g) in CGA-free cake and to much lower levels in the formulations of pasta. Furthermore, physicochemical and technological analyses were conducted on the pasta formulation. The total polyphenol content in pasta enriched with sunflower flour ranges from 0.01 to 0.04 mg/g, increasing proportionally with the level of enrichment, while CGA decreases to 0.0036 mg/g in the P40 variant. The fatty acid profile shows a predominance of linoleic and oleic acids, with lower amounts of saturated fatty acids. α-Tocopherol content slightly increases with enrichment, reaching 0.06 mg/ml in P40. Proteins and essential amino acids also increase proportionally, with P40 reaching 14% total protein and the highest levels of valine, leucine and methionine. Regarding cooking properties, higher enrichment results in a shorter optimal cooking time (CTRL 8.4 min; P40 4.5 min), lower cooking loss, and reduced water absorption compared to the control. All three enrichment levels, both raw and cooked, show a noticeable color difference compared to the control. Sensory analysis combined with the CATA questionnaire indicates that 20% enrichment is the most appreciated, balanced, non-bitter, and perceived as homemade pasta, while higher enrichment levels give a stronger taste and aroma. Importantly, all three enriched pastas are considered “healthy” by over 80% of participants.
In questa tesi, è stata effettuata la caratterizzazione chimica, comprendente il contenuto proteico, il profilo amminoacidico, il contenuto lipidico e il profilo degli acidi grassi, su quattro diverse varietà di girasole e sui corrispondenti panelli derivati dall’estrazione dell’olio. Inoltre, il panello più promettente in termini di contenuto proteico è stato impiegato per l’arricchimento di diverse formulazioni di pasta fatta in casa. Il contenuto proteico di questo panello era del 24,3%, proveniente dalla varietà Peredovick, ed è stato utilizzato per l’arricchimento della pasta sostituendo la farina di grano al 20, 30 e 40%. Il panello è stato sottoposto a estrazione con una miscela di etanolo:acqua per ridurre il contenuto di acido clorogenico (CGA), che ostacola la digeribilità e la solubilità delle proteine. La concentrazione di CGA è diminuita da 0,54 mg/g nel panello di girasole a 0,10 mg/g nel panello privo di CGA, e a livelli ancora più bassi nelle formulazioni di pasta. Inoltre, sono state condotte analisi fisico-chimiche e tecnologiche sulle formulazioni di pasta. Il contenuto totale di polifenoli nella pasta arricchita con farina di girasole varia da 0,01 a 0,04 mg/g, aumentando proporzionalmente al livello di arricchimento, mentre CGA diminuisce fino a 0,0036 mg/g nella variante P40. Il profilo degli acidi grassi mostra una predominanza di acidi linoleico e oleico, con quantità minori di acidi grassi saturi. Il contenuto di α-tocoferolo aumenta leggermente con l’arricchimento, raggiungendo 0,06 mg/ml in P40. Anche proteine e aminoacidi essenziali aumentano proporzionalmente, con P40 che raggiunge il 14% di proteine totali e i livelli più alti di valina, leucina e metionina. Per quanto riguarda le proprietà di cottura, un maggiore arricchimento comporta un tempo di cottura ottimale più breve per CTRL (8,4 min) e per P40 (4,5 min), una minore perdita di cottura e un assorbimento d’acqua ridotto rispetto al controllo. Tutti e tre i livelli di arricchimento, sia crudi che cotti, mostrano una differenza di colore evidente rispetto al controllo. L’analisi sensoriale combinata con il questionario CATA indica che l’arricchimento al 20% è il più apprezzato, equilibrato, non amaro e percepito come “fatta in casa” mentre livelli più elevati conferiscono gusto e aroma più intensi. Tutte e tre le paste arricchite sono considerate “sane” da oltre l’80% dei partecipanti.
Caratterizzazione e valorizzazione della farina di girasole per l'arricchimento proteico: uno caso studio su pasta secca arricchita.
SPAGNOLO, GABRIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
In this thesis, chemical characterization including protein content, amino acid profile, lipid content, and fatty acid profile, was carried out on four different varieties of sunflower and their corresponding pressed cakes produced by oil extraction. Furthermore, the most protein-rich pressed cake was utilized for enriching various homemade pasta formulations. The protein content in this pressing cake was 24.3%, which originated from the variety Peredovick, and was further used for pasta enrichment by substitution of wheat flour at 20, 30 and 40%. The cake was subjected to extraction with a mix of ethanol:water to minimize the content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) which is an obstacle to protein digestion and solubility. The concentration of CGA was decreased from (0.54 mg/g) in the sunflower cake to (0.10 mg/g) in CGA-free cake and to much lower levels in the formulations of pasta. Furthermore, physicochemical and technological analyses were conducted on the pasta formulation. The total polyphenol content in pasta enriched with sunflower flour ranges from 0.01 to 0.04 mg/g, increasing proportionally with the level of enrichment, while CGA decreases to 0.0036 mg/g in the P40 variant. The fatty acid profile shows a predominance of linoleic and oleic acids, with lower amounts of saturated fatty acids. α-Tocopherol content slightly increases with enrichment, reaching 0.06 mg/ml in P40. Proteins and essential amino acids also increase proportionally, with P40 reaching 14% total protein and the highest levels of valine, leucine and methionine. Regarding cooking properties, higher enrichment results in a shorter optimal cooking time (CTRL 8.4 min; P40 4.5 min), lower cooking loss, and reduced water absorption compared to the control. All three enrichment levels, both raw and cooked, show a noticeable color difference compared to the control. Sensory analysis combined with the CATA questionnaire indicates that 20% enrichment is the most appreciated, balanced, non-bitter, and perceived as homemade pasta, while higher enrichment levels give a stronger taste and aroma. Importantly, all three enriched pastas are considered “healthy” by over 80% of participants.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Gabriele Spagnolo.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23212