RNA-based therapeutics represent one of the most promising frontiers in precision medicine, owing to their ability to directly modulate gene expression without altering the genome. Through different strategies—including messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), microRNA (miRNA), small activating RNA (saRNA), RNA aptamers, and genome-editing systems such as CRISPR/Cas9—it is possible to silence, activate, or correct genes involved in tumor initiation and progression. mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy in eliciting targeted immune responses against tumor-associated antigens, while siRNAs and ASOs provide highly selective control over gene expression. miRNAs and saRNAs further regulate post-transcriptional activity, enabling either repression or reactivation of specific tumor-suppressor genes. RNA aptamers, characterized by high affinity and structural stability, serve as both therapeutic agents and targeted delivery carriers. The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows precise genome editing of oncogenic mutations, offering new perspectives for gene therapy in cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic instability of RNA necessitates advanced delivery systems, ranging from viral vectors with high transfection efficiency to safer non-viral carriers such as polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as exosomes and biomimetic hydrogels, which enhance protection, stability, and tissue targeting. Overall, RNA-based technologies are reshaping modern oncology by providing customizable, safe, and potentially curative therapeutic solutions against cancer.
Le terapie a base di RNA rappresentano una delle più promettenti frontiere della medicina di precisione, grazie alla loro capacità di modulare direttamente l’espressione genica senza alterare il genoma. Attraverso diverse strategie – tra cui mRNA, siRNA, antisense oligonucleotidi (ASOs), microRNA (miRNA), small activating RNA (saRNA), aptameri di RNA e sistemi di editing come CRISPR/Cas9 – è possibile silenziare, attivare o correggere geni coinvolti nella genesi e nella progressione dei tumori. I vaccini a mRNA hanno dimostrato notevole efficacia nell’attivare risposte immunitarie mirate contro antigeni tumorali, mentre gli siRNA e gli ASOs permettono un controllo selettivo dell’espressione genica. I miRNA e i saRNA offrono un livello aggiuntivo di regolazione post-trascrizionale, consentendo rispettivamente di reprimere o riattivare specifici geni oncosoppressori. Gli aptameri di RNA, grazie alla loro alta affinità e stabilità, vengono impiegati sia come agenti terapeutici sia come vettori per il rilascio mirato di farmaci. Infine, il sistema CRISPR/Cas9 consente l’editing preciso di geni oncogenici, aprendo nuove prospettive per la terapia genica del cancro. Tuttavia, la fragilità intrinseca dell’RNA richiede lo sviluppo di sistemi di somministrazione avanzati: dai vettori virali ad alta efficienza ai sistemi non virali come nanoparticelle polimeriche, lipidiche, inorganiche, esosomi e idrogel biomimetici, che garantiscono protezione, stabilità e targeting tissutale. Nel complesso, le tecnologie RNA-based stanno rivoluzionando l’oncologia moderna, offrendo soluzioni terapeutiche personalizzabili, sicure e potenzialmente risolutive per il trattamento dei tumori.
Progressi emergenti delle terapie antitumorali a base di RNA
FERRO, ANTONIO
2024/2025
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics represent one of the most promising frontiers in precision medicine, owing to their ability to directly modulate gene expression without altering the genome. Through different strategies—including messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), microRNA (miRNA), small activating RNA (saRNA), RNA aptamers, and genome-editing systems such as CRISPR/Cas9—it is possible to silence, activate, or correct genes involved in tumor initiation and progression. mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy in eliciting targeted immune responses against tumor-associated antigens, while siRNAs and ASOs provide highly selective control over gene expression. miRNAs and saRNAs further regulate post-transcriptional activity, enabling either repression or reactivation of specific tumor-suppressor genes. RNA aptamers, characterized by high affinity and structural stability, serve as both therapeutic agents and targeted delivery carriers. The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows precise genome editing of oncogenic mutations, offering new perspectives for gene therapy in cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic instability of RNA necessitates advanced delivery systems, ranging from viral vectors with high transfection efficiency to safer non-viral carriers such as polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as exosomes and biomimetic hydrogels, which enhance protection, stability, and tissue targeting. Overall, RNA-based technologies are reshaping modern oncology by providing customizable, safe, and potentially curative therapeutic solutions against cancer.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23391