Physical exercise is widely recognized as a powerful modulator of human physiology, capable of influencing immune, metabolic, and vascular functions. Beyond the traditionally acknowledged role of exerkines (myokines, adipokines, hepatokines, etc.), increasing attention has been directed toward extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes as key mediators of intercellular communication. These structures, released by different cell populations, transport proteins, lipids, and regulatory RNAs, acting as “information packages” able to modulate biological processes at a distance. This thesis examines the classification, biogenesis, and molecular content of EVs, with a focus on their role in exercise physiology. Recent evidence indicates that acute exercise induces a transient increase in circulating EVs, while chronic training stably modifies their protein and microRNA profiles. These adaptations appear to contribute to immune balance, angiogenesis, energy metabolism, and muscle–organ crosstalk, with possible implications in epigenetic regulation and the cellular “memory” of training. Potential applications include the use of EVs as biomarkers of performance and health, as well as therapeutic vectors or molecular substitutes for exercise in frail individuals. However, methodological challenges regarding isolation, characterization, and protocol standardization still limit their clinical translation. In conclusion, extracellular vesicles represent an innovative mechanism through which exercise exerts systemic effects, opening promising yet preliminary perspectives in biomedical and therapeutic fields.
L’esercizio fisico è riconosciuto come un potente modulatore della fisiologia umana, in grado di influenzare funzioni immunitarie, metaboliche e vascolari. Oltre al ruolo tradizionalmente attribuito alle exerchine (miochine, adipochine, epatochine, ecc.), crescente attenzione è rivolta alle vescicole extracellulari (EV) e agli esosomi come vettori chiave di comunicazione intercellulare. Queste strutture, rilasciate da diverse popolazioni cellulari, trasportano proteine, lipidi e RNA regolatori, agendo come “pacchetti informativi” in grado di modulare processi biologici a distanza. La tesi analizza la classificazione, biogenesi e contenuto delle EV, con particolare riferimento al loro ruolo nell’ambito dell’esercizio fisico. Evidenze recenti mostrano che l’attività acuta induce un aumento transitorio delle EV circolanti, mentre l’allenamento cronico ne modifica stabilmente il profilo proteico e di microRNA. Questi adattamenti sembrano contribuire al bilanciamento immunitario, all’angiogenesi, al metabolismo energetico e al crosstalk muscolo-organo, con possibili effetti anche sul controllo epigenetico e sulla memoria cellulare dell’allenamento. Le potenzialità applicative includono l’uso delle EV come biomarcatori di performance e salute, nonché come vettori terapeutici o sostituti molecolari dell’esercizio per soggetti fragili. Tuttavia, permangono limiti metodologici legati all’isolamento, caratterizzazione e standardizzazione dei protocolli, che ne ostacolano la traduzione clinica. In conclusione, le vescicole extracellulari rappresentano un meccanismo innovativo attraverso cui l’esercizio fisico esercita i suoi effetti sistemici, aprendo prospettive promettenti ma ancora preliminari in ambito biomedico e terapeutico.
Vescicole extracellulari ed esosomi: approfondimenti dalla scienza dell'esercizio fisico
GIANCOLA, CRISTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Physical exercise is widely recognized as a powerful modulator of human physiology, capable of influencing immune, metabolic, and vascular functions. Beyond the traditionally acknowledged role of exerkines (myokines, adipokines, hepatokines, etc.), increasing attention has been directed toward extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes as key mediators of intercellular communication. These structures, released by different cell populations, transport proteins, lipids, and regulatory RNAs, acting as “information packages” able to modulate biological processes at a distance. This thesis examines the classification, biogenesis, and molecular content of EVs, with a focus on their role in exercise physiology. Recent evidence indicates that acute exercise induces a transient increase in circulating EVs, while chronic training stably modifies their protein and microRNA profiles. These adaptations appear to contribute to immune balance, angiogenesis, energy metabolism, and muscle–organ crosstalk, with possible implications in epigenetic regulation and the cellular “memory” of training. Potential applications include the use of EVs as biomarkers of performance and health, as well as therapeutic vectors or molecular substitutes for exercise in frail individuals. However, methodological challenges regarding isolation, characterization, and protocol standardization still limit their clinical translation. In conclusion, extracellular vesicles represent an innovative mechanism through which exercise exerts systemic effects, opening promising yet preliminary perspectives in biomedical and therapeutic fields.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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VESCICOLE EXTRACELLULARI ED ESOSOMI definitivo2.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23407