Enterococcus faecium is a difficult-to-treat gram positive organism with increasing rates of resistance to vancomycin which is commonly mediated through the vanA gene cluster. There have been international reports of E. faecium isolates that are genotypically positive for vanA but phenotypically vancomycin-susceptible. These isolates, commonly called vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE), can convert to phenotypic vancomycin resistance upon exposure to vancomycin. Multiple mechanisms for this genotypic-phenotypic mismatch have been reported and most commonly involve the regulatory components of the vanA gene cluster. VVE are challenging to identify unless microbiology labs routinely implement both genotypic and phenotypic screening methods. VVE has been associated with outbreaks and has become a prevalent pathogen in several countries. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms, microbiology and epidemiology of VVE. Clinicians must remain vigilant for VVE as diagnosis can be challenging and treatment failure on vancomycin is possible.
Enterococcus faecium è un microrganismo Gram-positivo difficile da trattare, con tassi crescenti di resistenza alla vancomicina, comunemente mediata dal cluster genico vanA. Sono stati segnalati a livello internazionale isolati di E. faecium genotipicamente positivi per vanA, ma fenotipicamente sensibili alla vancomicina. Questi isolati, comunemente chiamati enterococchi vancomicino-variabili (VVE), possono convertirsi in resistenza fenotipica alla vancomicina in seguito all'esposizione alla vancomicina. Sono stati segnalati molteplici meccanismi per questa discrepanza genotipico-fenotipica, che più comunemente coinvolgono i componenti regolatori del cluster genico vanA. I VVE sono difficili da identificare a meno che i laboratori di microbiologia non implementino regolarmente metodi di screening sia genotipici che fenotipici. I VVE sono stati associati a epidemie ed sono diventati un patogeno prevalente in diversi paesi. In questa revisione, riassumiamo i meccanismi, la microbiologia e l'epidemiologia dei VVE. I medici devono rimanere vigili nei confronti della VVE poiché la diagnosi può essere difficile ed è possibile il fallimento del trattamento con vancomicina.
«Sempre in allerta» : una panoramica di ciò che i clinici devono sapere sugli Enterococchi vancomicino-variabili
GOLFARI, REBECCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a difficult-to-treat gram positive organism with increasing rates of resistance to vancomycin which is commonly mediated through the vanA gene cluster. There have been international reports of E. faecium isolates that are genotypically positive for vanA but phenotypically vancomycin-susceptible. These isolates, commonly called vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE), can convert to phenotypic vancomycin resistance upon exposure to vancomycin. Multiple mechanisms for this genotypic-phenotypic mismatch have been reported and most commonly involve the regulatory components of the vanA gene cluster. VVE are challenging to identify unless microbiology labs routinely implement both genotypic and phenotypic screening methods. VVE has been associated with outbreaks and has become a prevalent pathogen in several countries. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms, microbiology and epidemiology of VVE. Clinicians must remain vigilant for VVE as diagnosis can be challenging and treatment failure on vancomycin is possible.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23410