The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of diclofenac (DCF) and its main metabolite, 4-hydroxy-diclofenac (4-OH DCF), in Mytilus trossulus using a multi-biomarker approach that included the analysis of enzymes, proteins, and histological parameters. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to defined concentrations of both compounds, and the effects on various biological responses were evaluated. The study showed that both contaminants did not induce significant alterations in most of the tested antioxidant and detoxification enzymes (GST, CAT, AChE, proPO), while only glutathione reductase (GR) activity showed a reduction in exposed individuals, particularly in those exposed to diclofenac. However, notable responses were observed at the histological level: both DCF and its metabolite caused alterations in the gills and digestive organs, including deformations, necrosis, and inflammation, as well as more frequent gonadal atresia. The cytosolic protein content in the gills increased significantly in exposed mussels compared to controls, suggesting an adaptive or stress response not related to the usual detoxification systems. These results indicate that the toxicity of DCF and 4-OH DCF in mussels manifests primarily through morphological and histopathological alterations rather than through changes in common enzymatic markers of oxidative stress. The environmental implications of these findings are significant: drug metabolites, often more persistent and prone to accumulation than their parent compounds, represent a real threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems and should be systematically monitored and considered in environmental risk assessments.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro era confrontare la tossicità del diclofenac (DCF) e del suo principale metabolita, 4-hydroxy-diclofenac (4-OH DCF), su Mytilus trossulus, impiegando un approccio multi-biomarker che includesse l’analisi di enzimi, proteine e parametri istologici. I mitili sono stati esposti per 7 giorni a concentrazioni definite di entrambi i composti, e sono stati valutati gli effetti su diverse risposte biologiche. Dallo studio è emerso che entrambi i contaminanti non hanno indotto alterazioni significative nella maggior parte degli enzimi antiossidanti e di detossificazione testati (GST, CAT, AChE, proPO), mentre soltanto l’attività della glutatione reduttasi (GR) ha mostrato una riduzione nei soggetti esposti, in particolare al diclofenac. Tuttavia, risposte importanti sono state riscontrate a livello istologico: sia il DCF che il suo metabolita hanno causato modificazioni nelle branchie e negli organi digestivi, tra cui deformazioni, necrosi e infiammazioni, oltre ad atresie gonadiche più frequenti. Il contenuto proteico citosolico nelle branchie è aumentato significativamente nei mitili esposti rispetto ai controlli, suggerendo una risposta adattativa o di stress non legata ai normali sistemi di detossificazione. Tali risultati suggeriscono che la tossicità di DCF e 4-OH DCF nei mitili si manifesta soprattutto tramite alterazioni morfologiche e istopatologiche piuttosto che attraverso cambiamenti nei comuni marker enzimatici di stress ossidativo. L’implicazione ambientale di queste scoperte è rilevante: i metaboliti dei farmaci, spesso ancora più persistenti e facilmente accumulabili rispetto ai composti originali, rappresentano una minaccia concreta per la salute degli ecosistemi acquatici e dovrebbero essere sistematicamente monitorati e considerati nelle valutazioni di rischio ambientale
Effetti biologici del diclofenac e del suo metabolita, 4-idrossidiclofenac, nel bivalve Mytilus trossulus
SALARI, NICCOLÒ
2024/2025
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of diclofenac (DCF) and its main metabolite, 4-hydroxy-diclofenac (4-OH DCF), in Mytilus trossulus using a multi-biomarker approach that included the analysis of enzymes, proteins, and histological parameters. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to defined concentrations of both compounds, and the effects on various biological responses were evaluated. The study showed that both contaminants did not induce significant alterations in most of the tested antioxidant and detoxification enzymes (GST, CAT, AChE, proPO), while only glutathione reductase (GR) activity showed a reduction in exposed individuals, particularly in those exposed to diclofenac. However, notable responses were observed at the histological level: both DCF and its metabolite caused alterations in the gills and digestive organs, including deformations, necrosis, and inflammation, as well as more frequent gonadal atresia. The cytosolic protein content in the gills increased significantly in exposed mussels compared to controls, suggesting an adaptive or stress response not related to the usual detoxification systems. These results indicate that the toxicity of DCF and 4-OH DCF in mussels manifests primarily through morphological and histopathological alterations rather than through changes in common enzymatic markers of oxidative stress. The environmental implications of these findings are significant: drug metabolites, often more persistent and prone to accumulation than their parent compounds, represent a real threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems and should be systematically monitored and considered in environmental risk assessments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/23442