ABSTRACT Introduction: In recent years, the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) has undergone a profound transformation thanks to the introduction of increasingly advanced technologies. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), continuous subcutaneous insulin administration (CSII), and the latest automated insulin delivery systems (AID) have improved metabolic control, reduced acute complications, and increased patients' quality of life. These innovations allow for constant monitoring of blood glucose levels and more physiological insulin delivery, promoting personalized and proactive management of the disease. Scientific literature shows how these tools have significantly changed the therapeutic approach, shifting the focus from manual and reactive monitoring to automated and predictive management. Objectives: This narrative review aims to analyze and synthesize the most recent evidence on the technological management of T1D, with three main objectives: to evaluate the extent to which the use of CGM and CSII improves HbA1c and Time in Range (TIR); to examine the effectiveness of these devices in reducing time in hypoglycemia and the frequency of severe hypoglycemic events compared to capillary blood glucose monitoring (SMBG) and multiple daily injections (MDI); and to analyze the impact of technology use on the psychological well-being and quality of life of patients with T1D. Materials and Methods: A narrative review of the mixed-method literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted by consulting databases such as PubMed and CINAHL. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and qualitative studies conducted on adult and pediatric populations with T1D treated with CGM, CSII, or AID systems were included. Seventeen English-language articles were selected and critically evaluated for methodological quality and relevance to the thesis' objectives. Results: Seventeen studies that met the selection criteria were included, out of a total of approximately 673 articles identified in the PUBMED and CINAHL databases. The search considered studies published between 2015 and 2025, in English, and with full text available. Articles regarding pregnant women, other forms of diabetes, and those lacking complete data or a clear methodology were excluded. Discussion: The results confirm that the integration of CGM, CSII, and AID is now a fundamental tool for safer, more effective, and personalized management of T1D. These technologies not only improve clinical outcomes, but also promote greater autonomy and peace of mind in patients' daily lives. However, some critical issues remain, including uneven access, the need for ongoing therapeutic education, digital data management, and the importance of psychological support. Looking ahead, the evolution toward fully automated and integrated systems could represent the decisive step toward truly person-centered diabetes care. Conclusion: The evidence gathered from studies paints a consistent picture: CGM and CSII improve glycemic control (HbA1c, TIR), simultaneously reducing the risk of hypoglycemia and promoting psycho-emotional well-being, with benefits further amplified by AID systems, which represent the most advanced evolution in automation in the management of T1D. The progressive integration of these technologies not only optimizes metabolic parameters, but also transforms patients' quality of life, making diabetes management safer, more flexible, and more person-centered.
ABSTRACT Introduzione: Negli ultimi anni, la gestione del diabete mellito di tipo 1 (T1D) ha vissuto una trasformazione profonda grazie all’introduzione di tecnologie sempre più avanzate. Il monitoraggio continuo del glucosio (CGM), la somministrazione sottocutanea continua di insulina (CSII) e i più recenti sistemi automatizzati di erogazione dell’insulina (AID) hanno permesso di migliorare il controllo metabolico, ridurre le complicanze acute e aumentare la qualità di vita dei pazienti. Queste innovazioni consentono un monitoraggio costante dei valori glicemici e un’erogazione più fisiologica dell’insulina, promuovendo una gestione personalizzata e proattiva della patologia. La letteratura scientifica mostra come tali strumenti abbiano modificato in modo significativo l’approccio terapeutico, spostando l’attenzione da un controllo manuale e reattivo a una gestione automatizzata e predittiva. Obiettivi: La presente revisione narrativa si propone di analizzare e sintetizzare le evidenze più recenti sulla gestione tecnologica del T1D, con tre obiettivi principali: valutare in che misura l’impiego di CGM e CSII migliori HbA1c e Time in Range (TIR); esaminare l’efficacia di tali dispositivi nel ridurre il tempo in ipoglicemia e la frequenza di eventi ipoglicemici gravi rispetto al monitoraggio capillare (SMBG) e alle iniezioni multiple giornaliere (MDI); analizzare l’impatto dell’uso delle tecnologie sul benessere psicologico e sulla qualità di vita dei pazienti con T1D. Materiali e Metodi: È stata condotta una revisione narrativa della letteratura a metodo misto pubblicata tra il 2015 e il 2025 attraverso la consultazione di banche dati quali PubMed e CINAHL. Sono stati inclusi studi randomizzati controllati (RCT), studi osservazionali e studi qualitativi condotti su popolazioni adulte e pediatriche con T1D trattate mediante CGM, CSII o sistemi AID. Sono stati selezionati 17 articoli in lingua inglese, valutati criticamente in base alla qualità metodologica e alla pertinenza rispetto agli obiettivi della tesi. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 17 studi che rispondevano ai criteri di selezione, su un totale di circa 673 articoli individuati nelle banche dati PUBMED e CINAHL. La ricerca ha preso in considerazione studi pubblicati tra il 2015 e il 2025, in lingua inglese e con testo completo disponibile. Sono stati esclusi gli articoli riguardanti donne in gravidanza, altre forme di diabete e quelli privi di dati completi o metodologia chiara. Discussione: I risultati confermano che l’integrazione di CGM, CSII e AID rappresenta oggi uno strumento fondamentale per una gestione più sicura, efficace e personalizzata del T1D. Queste tecnologie non solo migliorano gli esiti clinici, ma favoriscono una maggiore autonomia e serenità nella vita quotidiana dei pazienti. Tuttavia, restano aperte alcune criticità, tra cui la disomogeneità di accesso, la necessità di educazione terapeutica continua, la gestione dei dati digitali e l’importanza del supporto psicologico. In prospettiva, l’evoluzione verso sistemi completamente automatizzati e integrati potrebbe rappresentare il passo decisivo verso una cura del diabete realmente centrata sulla persona. Conclusione: Le evidenze raccolte dagli studi delineano un quadro coerente: CGM e CSII migliorano il controllo glicemico (HbA1c, TIR), riducendo contemporaneamente il rischio di ipoglicemia e favoriscono il benessere psico-emotivo, con benefici ulteriormente amplificati dai sistemi AID, che rappresentano l’evoluzione più avanzata dell’automazione nella gestione del T1D. L’integrazione progressiva di queste tecnologie non solo ottimizza i parametri metabolici, ma trasforma la qualità di vita dei pazienti, rendendo la gestione del diabete più sicura, flessibile e focalizzata sulla persona.
Diabete mellito di tipo 1. Tecnologie al servizio del paziente diabetico e utilizzo dei dispositivi mobili nel miglioramento dello stato di salute e benessere: una revisione narrativa
GRASSI, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: In recent years, the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) has undergone a profound transformation thanks to the introduction of increasingly advanced technologies. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), continuous subcutaneous insulin administration (CSII), and the latest automated insulin delivery systems (AID) have improved metabolic control, reduced acute complications, and increased patients' quality of life. These innovations allow for constant monitoring of blood glucose levels and more physiological insulin delivery, promoting personalized and proactive management of the disease. Scientific literature shows how these tools have significantly changed the therapeutic approach, shifting the focus from manual and reactive monitoring to automated and predictive management. Objectives: This narrative review aims to analyze and synthesize the most recent evidence on the technological management of T1D, with three main objectives: to evaluate the extent to which the use of CGM and CSII improves HbA1c and Time in Range (TIR); to examine the effectiveness of these devices in reducing time in hypoglycemia and the frequency of severe hypoglycemic events compared to capillary blood glucose monitoring (SMBG) and multiple daily injections (MDI); and to analyze the impact of technology use on the psychological well-being and quality of life of patients with T1D. Materials and Methods: A narrative review of the mixed-method literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted by consulting databases such as PubMed and CINAHL. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and qualitative studies conducted on adult and pediatric populations with T1D treated with CGM, CSII, or AID systems were included. Seventeen English-language articles were selected and critically evaluated for methodological quality and relevance to the thesis' objectives. Results: Seventeen studies that met the selection criteria were included, out of a total of approximately 673 articles identified in the PUBMED and CINAHL databases. The search considered studies published between 2015 and 2025, in English, and with full text available. Articles regarding pregnant women, other forms of diabetes, and those lacking complete data or a clear methodology were excluded. Discussion: The results confirm that the integration of CGM, CSII, and AID is now a fundamental tool for safer, more effective, and personalized management of T1D. These technologies not only improve clinical outcomes, but also promote greater autonomy and peace of mind in patients' daily lives. However, some critical issues remain, including uneven access, the need for ongoing therapeutic education, digital data management, and the importance of psychological support. Looking ahead, the evolution toward fully automated and integrated systems could represent the decisive step toward truly person-centered diabetes care. Conclusion: The evidence gathered from studies paints a consistent picture: CGM and CSII improve glycemic control (HbA1c, TIR), simultaneously reducing the risk of hypoglycemia and promoting psycho-emotional well-being, with benefits further amplified by AID systems, which represent the most advanced evolution in automation in the management of T1D. The progressive integration of these technologies not only optimizes metabolic parameters, but also transforms patients' quality of life, making diabetes management safer, more flexible, and more person-centered.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/24071