INTRODUCTION: Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a cross-disciplinary approach to multiple surgical specialties, integrating pre-, intra-, and post-operative interventions to optimize hematopoiesis, reduce blood loss, and limit exposure to allogeneic blood. Among intraoperative techniques, Intraoperative Cell Salvage (ICS) is an effective and safe tool, but in Italy and internationally, its clinical adoption is still uneven. The study aims to analyze transfusion practices, haemoglobin trends, and the possible activation of the ICS system in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery and abdominal trauma surgery (liver and spleen rupture) at the Operating Theatre of Ascoli Piceno (2020-June 2025), with particular attention to the role of nurses in the management of intraoperative blood recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center observational study was conducted; data were collected from surgical records and medical records, including age, sex, type of surgery, pre- and post-operative hemoglobin values, intraoperative blood recovery activation, number of patients transfused, and number of blood bags transfused. Patients with incomplete medical records, active infections, or irrelevant pathologies were excluded. The total number of surgeries in the reference period was 635; the total sample was described by distinguishing between orthopedic surgery (n=607) and abdominal trauma surgery (n=28), with 23 patients excluded from the study, bringing the analyzed sample to 589 patients for orthopedic surgery and 23 patients for abdominal trauma surgery. A descriptive analysis (means, medians, frequencies, and percentages) and inferential analysis using Student's t-test for paired data were performed, considering a value of p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: In the sample analyzed (n=612) in orthopedic surgery (n=589), blood recovery was never activated. Transfusion was required in 195 patients (33.1%), with a total of 354 bags of red blood cells. Postoperative ΔHb values averaged between 3 g/dL and 5 g/dL, with frequent recourse to transfusions even for Hb values above 7 g/dL. In abdominal surgery (n=23), ICS was used in only one case. Most patients required transfusions, with a total of 36 bags of red blood cells transfused, in some cases already in the operating room due to massive bleeding. In this context, too, transfusions were often performed with Hb values > 7 g/dl, highlighting a more liberal approach than international recommendations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results highlighted frequent use of allogeneic blood transfusions, often performed with Hb values above 7 g/dl, and a lack of systematic application of intraoperative blood recovery, which was used only in exceptional cases. This data reflects organizational and training issues already reported in the literature and highlights a gap with respect to international Patient Blood Management recommendations, which promote a restrictive approach and blood-saving strategies. Nurses, key figures in perioperative management, can contribute to improving transfusion appropriateness through targeted training and standardized operating protocols. The implementation of practical tools, such as dedicated checklists alongside the ICS device (CATSmart Fresenius, model 9005751), represents a possible way to promote safe and effective use, reducing exposure to allogeneic blood and improving the quality of care.
INTRODUZIONE: il Patient Blood Management (PBM) è un approccio trasversale a molteplici specialità chirurgiche, che integra interventi pre-, intra- e post-operatori per ottimizzare l’emopoiesi, ridurre le perdite e limitare l’esposizione a sangue allogenico. Tra le tecniche intraoperatorie, l’Intraoperative Cell Salvage (ICS) è uno strumento efficace e sicuro, ma in Italia e a livello internazionale, l’adozione clinica risulta ancora disomogenea. Lo studio si propone di analizzare le pratiche trasfusionali, l’andamento emoglobinico, eventuale attivazione del sistema ICS in pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia ortopedica maggiore e chirurgia traumatologica addominale (rottura di fegato e milza) presso il Blocco Operatorio di Ascoli Piceno (2020-giugno2025), con particolare attenzione al ruolo dell’infermiere nella gestione del recupero ematico intraoperatorio. MATERIALI E METODI: è stato condotto uno studio osservazionale monocentrico; i dati sono stati raccolti dai registri operatori e dalle cartelle cliniche, includendo età, sesso, tipologia di intervento, valori di emoglobina pre e post-operatori, attivazione del recupero ematico intraoperatorio, numero di pazienti trasfusi e numero di sacche emazie trasfuse. Sono stati esclusi i pazienti con cartella clinica incompleta, infezioni in atto o patologie non pertinenti. Il numero totale degli interventi chirurgici nel periodo di riferimento è stato 635; il campione totale è stato descritto distinguendo tra chirurgia ortopedica (n=607) e chirurgia traumatologica addominale (n=28), con 23 pazienti esclusi dallo studio portando il campione analizzato a 589 pazienti per la chirurgia ortopedica e 23 pazienti per la chirurgia traumatologica addominale. È stata effettuata un’analisi descrittiva (medie, mediane, frequenze e percentuali) e inferenziale mediante test t di Student per dati appaiati, considerando statisticamente significativo un valore di p < 0,05. RISULTATI: nel campione analizzato (n=612) in chirurgia ortopedica (n=589) il recupero ematico non è stato mai attivato. La necessità trasfusionale ha riguardato 195 pazienti (33,1 %), con un totale di 354 sacche di emazie. Le ΔHb post-operatorie si sono attestate mediamente tra 3 g/dl e 5 g/dl, con frequente ricorso a trasfusioni anche per valori di Hb superiori a 7 g/dl. In chirurgia addominale (n=23), l’ICS è stato utilizzato solo in un singolo caso. La necessità trasfusionale ha interessato la maggior parte dei pazienti, con un totale di 36 sacche di emazie trasfuse, in alcuni casi già in sala operatoria per emorragie massive. Anche in questo ambito le trasfusioni sono state spesso effettuate con valori di Hb > 7 g/dl, evidenziando un approccio più liberale rispetto alle raccomandazioni internazionali. DISCUSSIONE E CONCLUSIONE: i risultati hanno evidenziato un ricorso frequente a trasfusioni di sangue allogenico, spesso effettuate con valori di Hb superiori a 7 g/dl, e una mancata applicazione sistematica del recupero ematico intraoperatorio, utilizzato solo eccezionalmente. Questo dato riflette criticità organizzative e formative già riportate in letteratura e sottolinea un gap rispetto alle raccomandazioni internazionali del Patient Blood Management, che promuovono un approccio restrittivo e strategie di risparmio ematico. L’infermiere, figura chiave nella gestione perioperatoria, può contribuire al miglioramento dell’appropriatezza trasfusionale attraverso formazione mirata e protocolli operativi standardizzati. L’implementazione di strumenti pratici, come checklist dedicate accanto al dispositivo ICS (CATSmart Fresenius, modello 9005751), rappresenta una possibile prospettiva per favorirne un utilizzo sicuro ed efficace, riducendo l’esposizione a sangue allogenico e migliorando la qualità dell’assistenza.
"LA PROMOZIONE DEL RECUPERO EMATICO INTRAOPERATORIO (ICS) COME STRUMENTO DI PATIENT BLOOD MANAGEMENT " Studio Osservazionale Monocentrico
CAPRETTA, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a cross-disciplinary approach to multiple surgical specialties, integrating pre-, intra-, and post-operative interventions to optimize hematopoiesis, reduce blood loss, and limit exposure to allogeneic blood. Among intraoperative techniques, Intraoperative Cell Salvage (ICS) is an effective and safe tool, but in Italy and internationally, its clinical adoption is still uneven. The study aims to analyze transfusion practices, haemoglobin trends, and the possible activation of the ICS system in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery and abdominal trauma surgery (liver and spleen rupture) at the Operating Theatre of Ascoli Piceno (2020-June 2025), with particular attention to the role of nurses in the management of intraoperative blood recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center observational study was conducted; data were collected from surgical records and medical records, including age, sex, type of surgery, pre- and post-operative hemoglobin values, intraoperative blood recovery activation, number of patients transfused, and number of blood bags transfused. Patients with incomplete medical records, active infections, or irrelevant pathologies were excluded. The total number of surgeries in the reference period was 635; the total sample was described by distinguishing between orthopedic surgery (n=607) and abdominal trauma surgery (n=28), with 23 patients excluded from the study, bringing the analyzed sample to 589 patients for orthopedic surgery and 23 patients for abdominal trauma surgery. A descriptive analysis (means, medians, frequencies, and percentages) and inferential analysis using Student's t-test for paired data were performed, considering a value of p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: In the sample analyzed (n=612) in orthopedic surgery (n=589), blood recovery was never activated. Transfusion was required in 195 patients (33.1%), with a total of 354 bags of red blood cells. Postoperative ΔHb values averaged between 3 g/dL and 5 g/dL, with frequent recourse to transfusions even for Hb values above 7 g/dL. In abdominal surgery (n=23), ICS was used in only one case. Most patients required transfusions, with a total of 36 bags of red blood cells transfused, in some cases already in the operating room due to massive bleeding. In this context, too, transfusions were often performed with Hb values > 7 g/dl, highlighting a more liberal approach than international recommendations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results highlighted frequent use of allogeneic blood transfusions, often performed with Hb values above 7 g/dl, and a lack of systematic application of intraoperative blood recovery, which was used only in exceptional cases. This data reflects organizational and training issues already reported in the literature and highlights a gap with respect to international Patient Blood Management recommendations, which promote a restrictive approach and blood-saving strategies. Nurses, key figures in perioperative management, can contribute to improving transfusion appropriateness through targeted training and standardized operating protocols. The implementation of practical tools, such as dedicated checklists alongside the ICS device (CATSmart Fresenius, model 9005751), represents a possible way to promote safe and effective use, reducing exposure to allogeneic blood and improving the quality of care.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/24192