The thesis examines the strategic role of rare earth elements in the contemporary global economy, with particular attention to their impact on the energy transition, digitalization, and geopolitical balances. It highlights how their “scarcity” does not depend on limited geological availability, but rather on complex extraction and refining processes, the high geographical concentration of production, and the significant associated environmental and social costs. The first chapter outlines the physico-chemical characteristics of rare earths, their main industrial applications (from permanent magnets for electric motors and wind turbines to advanced electronic devices), and the structure of a highly polarized market dominated by Chinese leadership in extraction and especially in refining. It also explores price volatility and the risks of dependence within the global supply chain, together with the environmental and social impacts generated by mining activities and the persistent limitations of current recycling technologies. The second chapter focuses on the African continent, described as a new frontier for the supply of critical minerals thanks to the presence of major deposits in Eastern and Southern Africa. However, the thesis highlights the barriers that prevent this wealth from being transformed into sustainable development: infrastructural gaps, institutional fragility, low local value added, and the risks of “green colonialism” in relations with foreign partners. In this context, it compares the cooperation models of China, South Korea and the European Union in light of the Africa Mining Vision, showing how only partnerships oriented towards technology transfer, training and governance strengthening can foster truly inclusive development. In the third chapter, the thesis analyses the geopolitical implications of the centrality of rare earths, focusing on China’s dominant position, the strategies adopted by the European Union to reduce dependence, and South Korea’s policy of diversification and innovation. In conclusion, the work emphasizes that the security and sustainability of supplies, through international cooperation, recycling and the search for alternative technological solutions, will be crucial in shaping future power relations in the global rare earth market and in determining the role that Africa will be able to secure within it.
La tesi analizza il ruolo strategico delle terre rare nell’economia globale contemporanea, con particolare attenzione al loro impatto sulla transizione energetica, sulla digitalizzazione e sugli equilibri geopolitici. Viene evidenziato come la loro “rarità” non dipenda dalla scarsa presenza geologica, bensì da processi estrattivi e di raffinazione complessi, dall’elevata concentrazione geografica della produzione e dai rilevanti costi ambientali e sociali associati. Nel primo capitolo vengono illustrate le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche delle terre rare, le principali applicazioni industriali (dai magneti permanenti per motori elettrici e turbine eoliche ai dispositivi elettronici avanzati) e la struttura di un mercato fortemente polarizzato, dominato dalla leadership cinese nell’estrazione e soprattutto nella raffinazione. Si approfondiscono inoltre la volatilità dei prezzi e i rischi di dipendenza della supply chain globale, insieme agli impatti ambientali e sociali generati dall’attività mineraria e ai limiti ancora presenti nelle tecnologie di riciclo. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato al continente africano, descritto come nuova frontiera dell’approvvigionamento di minerali critici grazie alla presenza di importanti giacimenti in Africa orientale e meridionale. L’elaborato mette però in luce le barriere che impediscono di trasformare questa ricchezza in sviluppo duraturo: carenze infrastrutturali, fragilità istituzionali, scarso valore aggiunto locale e rischi di “colonialismo verde” nei rapporti con i partner esteri. In questo quadro vengono confrontati i modelli di cooperazione di Cina, Corea del Sud e Unione Europea alla luce dell’Africa Mining Vision, evidenziando come solo partnership orientate al trasferimento tecnologico, alla formazione e al rafforzamento della governance possano favorire uno sviluppo realmente inclusivo. Nel terzo capitolo la tesi analizza le implicazioni geopolitiche della centralità delle terre rare, soffermandosi sulla posizione dominante della Cina, sulle strategie di riduzione della dipendenza adottate dall’Unione Europea e sulla politica di diversificazione e innovazione perseguita dalla Corea del Sud. In conclusione, l’elaborato sottolinea come sicurezza e sostenibilità delle forniture, attraverso cooperazione internazionale, riciclo e ricerca di soluzioni tecnologiche alternative, saranno determinanti per definire i futuri rapporti di forza nel mercato globale delle terre rare e il ruolo che l’Africa riuscirà a ritagliarsi al suo interno.
La corsa alle terre rare: l’Africa tra sviluppo economico e competizione globale
GABBIANELLI, NICOLA
2024/2025
Abstract
The thesis examines the strategic role of rare earth elements in the contemporary global economy, with particular attention to their impact on the energy transition, digitalization, and geopolitical balances. It highlights how their “scarcity” does not depend on limited geological availability, but rather on complex extraction and refining processes, the high geographical concentration of production, and the significant associated environmental and social costs. The first chapter outlines the physico-chemical characteristics of rare earths, their main industrial applications (from permanent magnets for electric motors and wind turbines to advanced electronic devices), and the structure of a highly polarized market dominated by Chinese leadership in extraction and especially in refining. It also explores price volatility and the risks of dependence within the global supply chain, together with the environmental and social impacts generated by mining activities and the persistent limitations of current recycling technologies. The second chapter focuses on the African continent, described as a new frontier for the supply of critical minerals thanks to the presence of major deposits in Eastern and Southern Africa. However, the thesis highlights the barriers that prevent this wealth from being transformed into sustainable development: infrastructural gaps, institutional fragility, low local value added, and the risks of “green colonialism” in relations with foreign partners. In this context, it compares the cooperation models of China, South Korea and the European Union in light of the Africa Mining Vision, showing how only partnerships oriented towards technology transfer, training and governance strengthening can foster truly inclusive development. In the third chapter, the thesis analyses the geopolitical implications of the centrality of rare earths, focusing on China’s dominant position, the strategies adopted by the European Union to reduce dependence, and South Korea’s policy of diversification and innovation. In conclusion, the work emphasizes that the security and sustainability of supplies, through international cooperation, recycling and the search for alternative technological solutions, will be crucial in shaping future power relations in the global rare earth market and in determining the role that Africa will be able to secure within it.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/25051