Although CAR-T therapy has transformed the treatment of hematological malignancies, the current "tailored" (ex vivo) manufacturing model faces insurmountable barriers: costs exceeding $500,000 per patient, production times of several weeks, and the need for toxic pre-treatment lymphodepleting chemotherapy. The necessary evolution lies in in vivo engineering, an approach that transforms the patient's body into a production bioreactor through the direct infusion of genetic vectors. This paradigm shift allows for the creation of immediately available "off-the-shelf" drugs, preserving the biological quality of T cells and eliminating the need to destroy the patient's immune system. Technologically, the challenge is twofold. Viral vectors (such as pseudotyped lentiviruses) offer stable genetic modification with a single administration; preclinical studies by Rurik et al. and Michaels et al. have demonstrated that it is possible to effectively transduce lymphocytes in vivo, achieving durable tumor remissions, although long-term genetic safety concerns remain. Similarly, nanoparticles (such as mRNA LNPs) offer a superior safety profile thanks to the transient expression of the CAR, leveraging scalable manufacturing processes similar to those of COVID-19 vaccines. Although studies such as that of Rurik et al. have demonstrated the efficacy of this method in cardiac fibrosis, the temporary nature of the mRNA requires repeated dosing to maintain the antitumor effect. Looking ahead, the reduced toxicity of the in vivo approach opens up new possibilities beyond oncology, making it possible to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus and chronic infections such as HIV, democratizing access to advanced therapies previously reserved for the few.
Nonostante la terapia CAR-T abbia trasformato il trattamento delle neoplasie ematologiche, l'attuale modello produttivo "su misura" (ex vivo) si scontra con barriere insormontabili: costi che superano i 500.000 dollari per paziente, tempi di produzione di diverse settimane e la necessità di una tossica chemioterapia linfodepletante pre-trattamento. L'evoluzione necessaria risiede nell'ingegnerizzazione in vivo, un approccio che trasforma il corpo del paziente nel bioreattore di produzione tramite l'infusione diretta di vettori genetici. Questo cambio di paradigma permette di creare farmaci "off-the-shelf" immediatamente disponibili, preservando la qualità biologica delle cellule T ed eliminando la necessità di distruggere il sistema immunitario del paziente. Dal punto di vista tecnologico, la sfida si gioca su due fronti. I vettori virali (come i lentivirus pseudotipati) offrono una modifica genetica stabile con una singola somministrazione; studi preclinici di Rurik et al. e Michaels et al. hanno dimostrato che è possibile trasdurre efficacemente i linfociti in vivo ottenendo remissioni tumorali durature, sebbene permangano rischi legati alla sicurezza genetica a lungo termine. Parallelamente, le nanoparticelle (come le LNP a mRNA) offrono un profilo di sicurezza superiore grazie all'espressione transitoria del CAR, sfruttando processi produttivi scalabili simili a quelli dei vaccini COVID-19. Sebbene studi come quello di Rurik et al. abbiano provato l'efficacia di questo metodo nella fibrosi cardiaca, la natura temporanea dell'mRNA richiede dosaggi ripetuti per mantenere l'effetto antitumorale. In prospettiva, la ridotta tossicità dell'approccio in vivo apre scenari inediti oltre l'oncologia, rendendo ipotizzabile il trattamento di malattie autoimmuni come il Lupus e infezioni croniche come l'HIV, democratizzando l'accesso a terapie avanzate finora riservate a pochi.
Ingegneria delle cellule CAR-T direttamente in vivo
FERRONI, GIACOMO
2024/2025
Abstract
Although CAR-T therapy has transformed the treatment of hematological malignancies, the current "tailored" (ex vivo) manufacturing model faces insurmountable barriers: costs exceeding $500,000 per patient, production times of several weeks, and the need for toxic pre-treatment lymphodepleting chemotherapy. The necessary evolution lies in in vivo engineering, an approach that transforms the patient's body into a production bioreactor through the direct infusion of genetic vectors. This paradigm shift allows for the creation of immediately available "off-the-shelf" drugs, preserving the biological quality of T cells and eliminating the need to destroy the patient's immune system. Technologically, the challenge is twofold. Viral vectors (such as pseudotyped lentiviruses) offer stable genetic modification with a single administration; preclinical studies by Rurik et al. and Michaels et al. have demonstrated that it is possible to effectively transduce lymphocytes in vivo, achieving durable tumor remissions, although long-term genetic safety concerns remain. Similarly, nanoparticles (such as mRNA LNPs) offer a superior safety profile thanks to the transient expression of the CAR, leveraging scalable manufacturing processes similar to those of COVID-19 vaccines. Although studies such as that of Rurik et al. have demonstrated the efficacy of this method in cardiac fibrosis, the temporary nature of the mRNA requires repeated dosing to maintain the antitumor effect. Looking ahead, the reduced toxicity of the in vivo approach opens up new possibilities beyond oncology, making it possible to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus and chronic infections such as HIV, democratizing access to advanced therapies previously reserved for the few.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/25306