Bisphenol A (BPA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are chemicals widely used in industry: BPA is mainly used in plastics and in the inner coatings of food cans, while PFOA serves as a surfactant in waterproof materials, non-stick coatings, firefighting foams, and non-stick utensils. Both can be released into the environment through industrial processes, waste, and degradation of the materials that contain them, contaminating air, water, and food. BPA and PFOA are both endocrine disruptors (EDCs), associated with hormonal disorders, reproductive and immune problems, and an increased risk of cancer. Recently, several studies have shown that probiotics can mitigate the harmful effects caused by exposure to EDCs. In this study, human intestinal organoids were used to evaluate the effects of single and combined exposure to BPA and PFOA on cell proliferation and their genotoxicity on intestinal epithelial cells. Since both contaminants were found to be toxic, we assessed the ability of a probiotic mix to mitigate the cellular and genetic damage induced by these EDCs. To assess the effects of BPA and PFOA on cell proliferation, Ki-67 was used as a biomarker in IHC, while DNA damage and the presence of repair mechanisms were evaluated through the TUNEL assay and whole-mount immunostaining to highlight the co-localization of two signals involved in double-strand DNA break repair, specifically γH2AX and 53BP1. Exposure to EDCs did not cause significant changes in cell proliferation compared to the control group. However, both individual exposure to the two contaminants and their mixture significantly increased DNA damage; this genotoxicity was mitigated by co-treatment with the probiotic. An increase in DNA repair was observed exclusively in the group exposed to BPA in co-administration with the probiotic. Overall, exposure to BPA and PFOA, at doses below safety limits, induces genotoxic effects in human intestinal organoids, and the genotoxic damage was mitigated by the administration of probiotics. Furthermore, the combination of BPA and PFOA does not show greater effects than the individual compounds, ruling out a possible synergistic effect. Keywords: endocrine disrupting chemicals, probiotics, human intestinal organoids, genotoxic damage, mitigation.
Il Bisfenolo A (BPA) e l’acido perfluoroottanoico (PFOA) sono sostanze chimiche ampiamente utilizzate in ambito industriale: il BPA viene soprattutto impiegato nelle plastiche e nei rivestimenti interni di scatole per alimenti, mentre il PFOA come tensioattivo in materiali impermeabili, rivestimenti antiaderenti, schiume antincendio e utensili inaderenti. Entrambi possono essere rilasciati nell’ambiente attraverso processi industriali, rifiuti e degradazione dei materiali che li contengono, contaminando aria, acqua e alimenti. BPA e PFOA sono entrambi interferenti endocrini (EDCs), associati a disturbi ormonali, problemi riproduttivi, immunitari e a un maggiore rischio di tumori. Recentemente, diversi studi hanno dimostrato che i probiotici possono mitigare gli effetti dannosi causati dall’esposizione agli EDCs. In questo studio sono stati utilizzati organoidi intestinali umani per valutare gli effetti dell’esposizione singola e combinata a BPA e PFOA sulla proliferazione cellulare e la loro genotossicità sulle cellule epiteliali intestinali. Essendo risultati tossici entrambi i contaminanti, abbiamo verificato la capacità di un mix di probiotici di mitigare i danni cellulari e genetici indotti da questi EDCs. Per valutare gli effetti del BPA e PFOA sulla proliferazione cellulare, è stato usato come biomarker Ki-67 in IHC mentre il danno al DNA e la presenza di meccanismi di riparazione, sono stati valutati tramite test di TUNEL e Whole mount immunostaining per evidenziare la co-localizzazione di 2 segnali coinvolti nella riparazione di rotture del doppio filamento di DNA, precisamente γH2AX e 53BP1. L’esposizione agli EDCs non ha causato cambiamenti significativi della proliferazione cellulare rispetto al gruppo controllo. Tuttavia, sia l’esposizione individuale ai due contaminanti sia la loro miscela hanno aumentato significativamente il danno al DNA; tale genotossicità è risultata mitigata dal co-trattamento con il probiotico. Un aumento della riparazione del DNA è stato osservato esclusivamente nel gruppo esposto al BPA in co-somministrazione con il probiotico. Complessivamente, l’esposizione a BPA e PFOA, a dosi inferiori ai limiti di sicurezza, inducono effetti genotossici in organoidi intestinali umani, il danno genotossico è stato mitigato dalla somministrazione di probiotici. Inoltre, la combinazione BPA e PFOA non mostra effetti superiori rispetto ai singoli composti facendo escludere un possibile effetto sinergico. Parole chiavi: interferenti endocrini, probiotico, organoidi intestinali umani, danno genotossico, mitigazione.
CHIARIRE LA SINERGIA TOSSICA: GENOTOSSICITÀ DA CO-ESPOSIZIONE A BPA E PFOA E LA PROMESSA MITIGATRICE DEI PROBIOTICI
MORETTI, MARGHERITA
2024/2025
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are chemicals widely used in industry: BPA is mainly used in plastics and in the inner coatings of food cans, while PFOA serves as a surfactant in waterproof materials, non-stick coatings, firefighting foams, and non-stick utensils. Both can be released into the environment through industrial processes, waste, and degradation of the materials that contain them, contaminating air, water, and food. BPA and PFOA are both endocrine disruptors (EDCs), associated with hormonal disorders, reproductive and immune problems, and an increased risk of cancer. Recently, several studies have shown that probiotics can mitigate the harmful effects caused by exposure to EDCs. In this study, human intestinal organoids were used to evaluate the effects of single and combined exposure to BPA and PFOA on cell proliferation and their genotoxicity on intestinal epithelial cells. Since both contaminants were found to be toxic, we assessed the ability of a probiotic mix to mitigate the cellular and genetic damage induced by these EDCs. To assess the effects of BPA and PFOA on cell proliferation, Ki-67 was used as a biomarker in IHC, while DNA damage and the presence of repair mechanisms were evaluated through the TUNEL assay and whole-mount immunostaining to highlight the co-localization of two signals involved in double-strand DNA break repair, specifically γH2AX and 53BP1. Exposure to EDCs did not cause significant changes in cell proliferation compared to the control group. However, both individual exposure to the two contaminants and their mixture significantly increased DNA damage; this genotoxicity was mitigated by co-treatment with the probiotic. An increase in DNA repair was observed exclusively in the group exposed to BPA in co-administration with the probiotic. Overall, exposure to BPA and PFOA, at doses below safety limits, induces genotoxic effects in human intestinal organoids, and the genotoxic damage was mitigated by the administration of probiotics. Furthermore, the combination of BPA and PFOA does not show greater effects than the individual compounds, ruling out a possible synergistic effect. Keywords: endocrine disrupting chemicals, probiotics, human intestinal organoids, genotoxic damage, mitigation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi M Moretti - UNTANGLING TOXIC SYNERGY BPA AND PFOA CO-EXPOSURE.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/25768