Rotator cuff tendinopathy is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and functional limitation. In recent years, the use of imaging has increased substantially, despite growing evidence showing a high prevalence of structural abnormalities even in asymptomatic individuals. This has raised important questions about the clinical relevance of imaging findings and their relationship with patients’ symptoms. The aim of this study is to critically review the current literature in order to clarify the clinical role of imaging in rotator cuff tendinopathy, with particular attention to the relationship between structural changes, pain, and function. In addition, the potential risks associated with the overuse of imaging are explored, together with the role of physiotherapy and conservative management strategies. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database, including studies published between 2010 and 2025. Of the 248 records initially identified, 15 studies were selected, including observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. These studies investigated the prevalence of asymptomatic structural findings, the association between imaging and symptoms, the influence of psychological factors, and the outcomes of conservative treatment. The findings consistently show a high prevalence of rotator cuff abnormalities in individuals without symptoms, alongside a generally weak association between structural severity and pain intensity. Lesion size appears to become clinically meaningful only beyond specific thresholds. Psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, and sleep disturbances, emerge as important contributors to pain perception and disability. Moreover, excessive reliance on imaging may lead to overdiagnosis, increased fear, negative expectations, and a greater likelihood of invasive interventions. In contrast, conservative management based on therapeutic exercise, patient education, and load management appears to be effective in most cases. Overall, imaging should be interpreted within a comprehensive biopsychosocial framework rather than as a standalone diagnostic determinant. Pain cannot be fully explained by structural findings alone. In this context, the physiotherapist plays a central role in guiding patients, contextualizing imaging results, and delivering individualized rehabilitation programs aimed at improving function and achieving meaningful clinical outcomes.
La tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori rappresenta una delle principali cause di dolore e disabilità della spalla. Nel corso degli anni si è assistito ad un aumento dell’imaging, nonostante numerose evidenze dimostrano un’elevata prevalenza di alterazioni strutturali anche in soggetti asintomatici. Sorgono perciò dubbi sulla reale correlazione tra reperti radiologici e sintomatologia clinica. L’ obiettivo di questo elaborato è analizzare la letteratura scientifica attuale per comprendere il significato clinico dell’imaging nella tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori, andando a valutare la relazione tra alterazioni strutturali, dolore e funzione. È importante i inoltre approfondire i possibili rischi di un utilizzo eccessivo dell’imaging , il ruolo del fisioterapista e della proposta di un programma riabilitativo. La ricerca è stata condotta nel database di PubMed, selezionando articoli pubblicati tra il 2010 e il 2025. Degli 248 studi inizialmente individuati, ne sono stati selezionati 15. Sono stati inclusi studi osservazionali, revisioni sistematiche e metanalisi che riguardavano per l’appunto la prevalenza di lesioni asintomatiche, la correlazione tra imaging e sintomi, l’influenza dei fattori psicologici e la risposta al trattamento conservativo. I risultati mostrano un’elevata prevalenza di alterazioni della cuffia dei rotatori in soggetti asintomatici, con una debole correlazione tra severità strutturale intensità del dolore. La dimensione della lesione assume maggiore rilevanza solo oltre determinate soglie. Fattori psicologici come ansia, depressione, catastrofizzazione e disturbi del sonno sono spesso associati a maggiore dolore e disabilità percepita. L’uso eccessivo dell’imaging può favorire overdiagnosi, incremento della paura, aspettative negative e maggiore richiesta di interventi invasivi. Il trattamento conservativo basato sull’esercizio terapeutico, sull’educazione del paziente e sulla gestione del carico si dimostra efficace nella maggior parte dei casi. L’imaging nella tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori deve essere interpretato all’interno di un programma clinico globale e biopsicosociale. Il dolore non è spiegato unicamente dal danno strutturale. Il fisioterapista ricopre grande importanza nell’educazione del paziente, nella contestualizzazione dei reperti radiologici e nella pianificazione di un trattamento conservativo che mira a funzione e obiettivi individuali.
Significato clinico dell'imaging nella tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori: integrazione tra struttura, dolore e risposta al trattamento conservativo; revisione narrativa della letteratura
NAZARU, VASILE
2024/2025
Abstract
Rotator cuff tendinopathy is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and functional limitation. In recent years, the use of imaging has increased substantially, despite growing evidence showing a high prevalence of structural abnormalities even in asymptomatic individuals. This has raised important questions about the clinical relevance of imaging findings and their relationship with patients’ symptoms. The aim of this study is to critically review the current literature in order to clarify the clinical role of imaging in rotator cuff tendinopathy, with particular attention to the relationship between structural changes, pain, and function. In addition, the potential risks associated with the overuse of imaging are explored, together with the role of physiotherapy and conservative management strategies. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database, including studies published between 2010 and 2025. Of the 248 records initially identified, 15 studies were selected, including observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. These studies investigated the prevalence of asymptomatic structural findings, the association between imaging and symptoms, the influence of psychological factors, and the outcomes of conservative treatment. The findings consistently show a high prevalence of rotator cuff abnormalities in individuals without symptoms, alongside a generally weak association between structural severity and pain intensity. Lesion size appears to become clinically meaningful only beyond specific thresholds. Psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, and sleep disturbances, emerge as important contributors to pain perception and disability. Moreover, excessive reliance on imaging may lead to overdiagnosis, increased fear, negative expectations, and a greater likelihood of invasive interventions. In contrast, conservative management based on therapeutic exercise, patient education, and load management appears to be effective in most cases. Overall, imaging should be interpreted within a comprehensive biopsychosocial framework rather than as a standalone diagnostic determinant. Pain cannot be fully explained by structural findings alone. In this context, the physiotherapist plays a central role in guiding patients, contextualizing imaging results, and delivering individualized rehabilitation programs aimed at improving function and achieving meaningful clinical outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/26265