Introduction Developmental disorders encompass a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions that emerge during childhood or adolescence, impacting a child's cognitive, emotional, and social development. Among these, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that primarily affects the development of communication, social relationships, and behavior. Individuals with ASD may have difficulty understanding and using verbal and nonverbal language, establishing social relationships, and managing emotions and new situations. This review aims to investigate the most appropriate care interventions for children and adolescents with ASD, with the goal of implementing effective care strategies in clinical practice, reducing stress, anxiety, and oppositional behavior in children. Materials and Methods A free search was conducted via Google Scholar with the selected main keywords. The MEDLINE database was then searched via PubMed using specific MeSH terms to find relevant scientific evidence on strategies to adopt in caring for children and/or adolescents with ASD. Results/Analysis Six studies were included in the review, two of which were secondary literature reviews and the other four were primary quantitative or qualitative observational studies. The results highlight that the most effective care strategies for children and adolescents with ASD include: • Child-centered care (augmentative and visual communication tools, establishing predictable routines, and positive behavior management techniques). • Family involvement. • Environmental modifications (noise reduction, adjustable lighting, and quiet spaces). • Healthcare team training and competence (continuing education). • Specific protocols (perioperative procedures). • Interprofessional communication (healthcare and school professionals). Discussion/Conclusion In conclusion, all of these specific care features, if properly considered and combined in the care of children and adolescents with ASD, can generate significant improvements in well-being, cooperation, and safety while respecting individual needs. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of personalized interventions and identify new approaches to optimize care for children with ASD in different hospital and community care settings. Keywords "Autism Spectrum Disorder", "ASD", "children", "adolescents", "nursing interventions", "nursing care", "nursing support", "interventions".
Introduzione I disturbi dell’età evolutiva comprendono una vasta gamma di condizioni neuropsichiatriche che emergono durante l’infanzia o l’adolescenza, influenzando lo sviluppo cognitivo, emotivo e sociale del bambino; tra questi il Disturbo dello Spettro Autistico (ASD) rappresenta una condizione neuro-evolutiva che interessa principalmente lo sviluppo della comunicazione, delle relazioni sociali e del comportamento. I soggetti con ASD possono avere difficoltà a comprendere e usare il linguaggio verbale e non verbale, a instaurare rapporti sociali e a gestire emozioni e situazioni nuove. Questa revisione ha l’obiettivo di indagare quali siano gli interventi assistenziali più indicati nell’assistenza a bambini e adolescenti con ASD, con lo scopo di implementare nella pratica clinica strategie assistenziali efficaci, riducendo stress, ansia e comportamenti oppositivi nel bambino. Materiali e metodi È stata effettuata una ricerca libera tramite Google Scholar con le principali parole chiave selezionate, successivamente è stata consultata la banca dati MEDLINE tramite PubMed con l’utilizzo di specifici termini MeSH al fine di reperire evidenze scientifiche pertinenti sulle strategie da adottare nell’assistenza al bambino e/o all’adolescente con ASD. Risultati/Analisi Nella revisione sono stati inclusi sei studi dei quali due sono studi secondari di revisioni della letteratura e gli altri quattro sono studi primari di tipo osservazionale quantitativo o qualitativo. I risultati evidenziano che nell’assistenza al bambino-adolescente con ASD le principali strategie assistenziali maggiormente efficaci riguardano: • L’assistenza centrata sul bambino-adolescente (strumenti di comunicazione aumentativa e visiva, creazioni di routine prevedibili, tecniche di gestione comportamentale positiva). • Il coinvolgimento della famiglia. • Le modifiche ambientali (riduzione del rumore, illuminazione modulabile e spazi calmi). • La formazione e competenza del team sanitario (istruzione continua). • I protocolli specifici (procedure perioperatorie). • La comunicazione interprofessionale (operatori sanitari e scolastici). Discussione/Conclusione In conclusione, tutte queste specificità assistenziali, se correttamente considerate e combinate insieme nell’assistenza a bambini e adolescenti con ASD, sono in grado di generare miglioramenti significativi del benessere, della cooperazione e della sicurezza nel rispetto dei bisogni individuali. Tuttavia sono necessari ulteriori studi per valutare l’efficacia a lungo termine di interventi personalizzati e identificare nuovi approcci per ottimizzare l’assistenza ai bambini con ASD in diversi setting di cura di tipo ospedaliero e territoriale. Parole chiave “Disturbo dello Spettro Autistico”, “ASD”, “bambini”, “adolescenti”, “interventi infermieristici”, “cure infermieristiche”, “supporto infermieristico”, “interventi”.
IL DISTURBO DELLO SPETTRO AUTISTICO NELL’ETÀ EVOLUTIVA: UNA REVISIONE DELLA LETTERATURA SULLE SPECIFICITÀ ASSISTENZIALI
SEVERINI, LETIZIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction Developmental disorders encompass a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions that emerge during childhood or adolescence, impacting a child's cognitive, emotional, and social development. Among these, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that primarily affects the development of communication, social relationships, and behavior. Individuals with ASD may have difficulty understanding and using verbal and nonverbal language, establishing social relationships, and managing emotions and new situations. This review aims to investigate the most appropriate care interventions for children and adolescents with ASD, with the goal of implementing effective care strategies in clinical practice, reducing stress, anxiety, and oppositional behavior in children. Materials and Methods A free search was conducted via Google Scholar with the selected main keywords. The MEDLINE database was then searched via PubMed using specific MeSH terms to find relevant scientific evidence on strategies to adopt in caring for children and/or adolescents with ASD. Results/Analysis Six studies were included in the review, two of which were secondary literature reviews and the other four were primary quantitative or qualitative observational studies. The results highlight that the most effective care strategies for children and adolescents with ASD include: • Child-centered care (augmentative and visual communication tools, establishing predictable routines, and positive behavior management techniques). • Family involvement. • Environmental modifications (noise reduction, adjustable lighting, and quiet spaces). • Healthcare team training and competence (continuing education). • Specific protocols (perioperative procedures). • Interprofessional communication (healthcare and school professionals). Discussion/Conclusion In conclusion, all of these specific care features, if properly considered and combined in the care of children and adolescents with ASD, can generate significant improvements in well-being, cooperation, and safety while respecting individual needs. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of personalized interventions and identify new approaches to optimize care for children with ASD in different hospital and community care settings. Keywords "Autism Spectrum Disorder", "ASD", "children", "adolescents", "nursing interventions", "nursing care", "nursing support", "interventions".| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi compilativa sulle specificità assistenziali per il disturbo dello spettro autistico nell'età evolutiva.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/26548