1. Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract affecting both adults and children. Although the exact etiology of IBD remains not completely understood, recent evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, intestinal microbiota and immune dysregulation all contribute to disease pathogenesis through complex and interconnected mechanisms [1]. Infliximab is a widely used and highly effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. However, approximately 25–50% of patients experience loss of response (LOR) over time. Low serum infliximab concentrations may promote the development of anti-infliximab antibodies (AbIFX), leading to increased drug clearance and, ultimately, therapeutic failure. Although the mechanisms underlying LOR are not yet fully elucidated, they are thought to be closely related to reduced circulating infliximab levels and/or the development of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies [2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum infliximab levels, anti-infliximab antibody positivity, and clinical and laboratory parameters in pediatric IBD (pIBD), in order to identify factors potentially useful for therapeutic drug monitoring and for the optimization and personalization of infliximab therapy. 1.2 Materials and methods This retrospective observational study included a total of 374 paired infliximab (IFX) and anti-infliximab antibody (AbIFX) measurements, obtained from 55 pediatric patients with IBD (26 males and 29 females; 41 with Crohn’s disease and 14 with ulcerative colitis), followed at the tertiary referral center of Ancona, between May 2019 and September 2024. Serum infliximab concentrations and anti-infliximab antibodies were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-infliximab antibody positivity was defined as a concentration greater than 3 U/mL. 1.3 Results Anti-infliximab antibodies were detected in at least one determination in 29% of enrolled patients and were more frequently observed in patients with Crohn’s disease than in those with ulcerative colitis (34% vs 14%). At univariate analysis, serum infliximab levels were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum albumin levels. However, in the multivariate model, ESR was the only variable that remained independently associated with serum infliximab concentrations. Anti-infliximab antibody positivity was significantly associated with disease activity and infusion reactions. Nevertheless, multivariate analysis identified infusion reactions as the only independent predictor of antibody positivity. A moderate inverse correlation was observed between serum infliximab concentrations and anti-infliximab antibody levels, supporting the bidirectional relationship between reduced drug exposure and the development of immunogenicity. 1.4 Conclusions In this cohort of pediatric patients with IBD, systemic inflammation, reflected by elevated ESR values, emerged as the main factor associated with reduced infliximab trough concentrations. The development of anti-infliximab antibodies was strongly associated with the occurrence of infusion reactions, likely representing the clinical expression of infliximab-related immunogenicity. These findings support the potential value of a personalized therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) strategy in pediatric IBD and may contribute to a more tailored approach to infliximab optimization, with the ultimate goal of improving treatment efficacy and long-term outcomes.
1.1 Introduzione Le malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (IBD), comprendenti la malattia di Crohn (CD), la rettocolite ulcerosa (UC) e la colite indeterminata (IBD-U), sono disturbi infiammatori cronici dell’intestino che interessano l’adulto e il bambino. Sebbene l'eziologia delle IBD rimanga in gran parte sconosciuta, recenti ricerche hanno indicato che la suscettibilità genetica dell'individuo, l'ambiente esterno, la flora microbica intestinale e le risposte immunitarie sono tutte coinvolte e funzionalmente integrate nella patogenesi delle IBD [1]. L'infliximab è una terapia ampiamente utilizzata e altamente efficace per la malattia infiammatoria intestinale (IBD). Purtroppo, però, il 25-50% dei pazienti perde la risposta all'infliximab (LOR) nel tempo; bassi livelli sierici di infliximab (IFXL) possono portare alla formazione di anticorpi contro l'infliximab (ATI), all'aumento della clearance del farmaco e, infine, alla perdita di risposta (LOR). I meccanismi precisi della LOR sono ancora poco compresi, ma si ritiene siano correlati a bassi livelli di infliximab circolante o allo sviluppo di anticorpi neutralizzanti contro l'infliximab (ATI) [2]. Questo studio ha valutato la relazione tra i livelli di IFX sierici, la positività di AbIFX e i parametri clinico-laboratori nelle pIBD, con l'obiettivo di individuare parametri utili per il monitoraggio terapeutico, l’ottimizzazione e la personalizzazione della terapia farmacologica con infliximab nei pazienti con IBD pediatriche. 1.2 Materiali e metodi Lo studio osservazionale retrospettivo si basa sull’analisi complessiva di 374 determinazioni accoppiate IFX-AbIFX, ottenute da 55 pazienti affetti da pIBD (26 maschi; 29 femmine; 41 con CD e 14 con UC), seguiti presso il centro terziario di riferimento di Ancona, nel periodo compreso tra maggio 2019 e settembre 2024. Le determinazioni sieriche di infliximab e degli anticorpi anti-infliximab sono state eseguite mediante metodica ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). La presenza di AbIFX è stata considerata positiva per valori > 3 U/mL. 1.3 Risultati Nel presente studio, gli anticorpi anti-infliximab (AbIFX) sono stati rilevati in almeno una determinazione nel 29% dei pazienti arruolati, con una maggiore prevalenza nei pazienti affetti da malattia di Crohn rispetto ai pazienti con rettocolite ulcerosa (34% vs 14%). All’analisi univariata, i livelli sierici di infliximab (IFX) hanno mostrato un’associazione statisticamente significativa con BMI, velocità di eritrosedimentazione (VES), proteina C-reattiva (PCR) e albumina. Tuttavia, nel modello di analisi multivariata, soltanto la VES si è confermata come predittore indipendente dei livelli sierici di IFX. La positività degli AbIFX è emersa significativamente correlata all'attività della malattia e alle reazioni infusionali; tuttavia, all’analisi multivariata solo la reazione d'infusione si è mantenuta come predittore indipendente della positività anticorpale. È stata inoltre osservata una moderata correlazione inversa tra i livelli sierici di IFX e gli AbIFX, confermando la relazione bidirezionale tra ridotta esposizione al farmaco e sviluppo di immunogenicità. 1.4 Conclusioni Dallo studio condotto, dunque, l'infiammazione sistemica, riflessa da una VES elevata, è emersa come principale fattore associato alla riduzione dei livelli di concentrazione sierica (trough) di infliximab (INFX). Lo sviluppo di anticorpi anti-infliximab (AbIFX) ha mostrato una forte associazione con la comparsa di reazioni infusionali, verosimilmente rappresentative dell’espressione clinica dei fenomeni di immunogenicità correlati al trattamento con infliximab. Tali risultati supportano il potenziale ruolo di un approccio personalizzato al therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) nei pazienti pediatrici affetti da IBD, con possibili implicazioni in termini di ottimizzazione terapeutici.
FATTORI CLINICI E DI MALATTIA ASSOCIATI AI LIVELLI SIERICI DI INFLIXIMAB E ALLO SVILUPPO DI ANTICORPI ANTI-INFLIXIMAB NELLE IBD PEDIATRICHE
MANUALE, SERENA
2025/2026
Abstract
1. Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract affecting both adults and children. Although the exact etiology of IBD remains not completely understood, recent evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, intestinal microbiota and immune dysregulation all contribute to disease pathogenesis through complex and interconnected mechanisms [1]. Infliximab is a widely used and highly effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. However, approximately 25–50% of patients experience loss of response (LOR) over time. Low serum infliximab concentrations may promote the development of anti-infliximab antibodies (AbIFX), leading to increased drug clearance and, ultimately, therapeutic failure. Although the mechanisms underlying LOR are not yet fully elucidated, they are thought to be closely related to reduced circulating infliximab levels and/or the development of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies [2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum infliximab levels, anti-infliximab antibody positivity, and clinical and laboratory parameters in pediatric IBD (pIBD), in order to identify factors potentially useful for therapeutic drug monitoring and for the optimization and personalization of infliximab therapy. 1.2 Materials and methods This retrospective observational study included a total of 374 paired infliximab (IFX) and anti-infliximab antibody (AbIFX) measurements, obtained from 55 pediatric patients with IBD (26 males and 29 females; 41 with Crohn’s disease and 14 with ulcerative colitis), followed at the tertiary referral center of Ancona, between May 2019 and September 2024. Serum infliximab concentrations and anti-infliximab antibodies were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-infliximab antibody positivity was defined as a concentration greater than 3 U/mL. 1.3 Results Anti-infliximab antibodies were detected in at least one determination in 29% of enrolled patients and were more frequently observed in patients with Crohn’s disease than in those with ulcerative colitis (34% vs 14%). At univariate analysis, serum infliximab levels were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum albumin levels. However, in the multivariate model, ESR was the only variable that remained independently associated with serum infliximab concentrations. Anti-infliximab antibody positivity was significantly associated with disease activity and infusion reactions. Nevertheless, multivariate analysis identified infusion reactions as the only independent predictor of antibody positivity. A moderate inverse correlation was observed between serum infliximab concentrations and anti-infliximab antibody levels, supporting the bidirectional relationship between reduced drug exposure and the development of immunogenicity. 1.4 Conclusions In this cohort of pediatric patients with IBD, systemic inflammation, reflected by elevated ESR values, emerged as the main factor associated with reduced infliximab trough concentrations. The development of anti-infliximab antibodies was strongly associated with the occurrence of infusion reactions, likely representing the clinical expression of infliximab-related immunogenicity. These findings support the potential value of a personalized therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) strategy in pediatric IBD and may contribute to a more tailored approach to infliximab optimization, with the ultimate goal of improving treatment efficacy and long-term outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi pediatrica correzione 3 AC_SG con frontespizio def1 stampa.pdf
embargo fino al 24/12/2027
Descrizione: Tesi sperimentale in pediatria
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2.16 MB | Adobe PDF |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/26738