INTRODUCTION Differentiated thyroid carcinoma generally has a favorable prognosis and also affects young patients, in whom quality of life and future fertility play a central role in the therapeutic pathway. Radioiodine therapy with iodine-131 represents an effective option in selected cases, owing to the ability of residual or neoplastic thyroid cells to uptake iodine; however, radiation exposure may also involve non-thyroid tissues, including the gonads. This thesis analyzes the potential impact of radioiodine on male fertility in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, integrating a review of the anatomical, physiological, and oncological foundations with a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed and Scopus up to March 2026 and including prospective and retrospective studies with pre- and post-treatment comparisons of hormonal and seminal parameters. FSH, LH, testosterone, inhibin B, sperm concentration, motility and morphology, DNA fragmentation, and chromosomal abnormalities were evaluated, with sensitivity and subgroup analyses according to follow-up duration and radioiodine dose. RESULTS The results indicate a significant increase in FSH, which is more evident in patients treated with doses equal to or greater than 100 mCi, suggesting a possible vulnerability of the seminiferous compartment. Conversely, no strong evidence emerged of a stable reduction in testosterone or irreversible impairment of the main seminal parameters, although signals of a possible reduction in sperm concentration and inhibin B were observed in some subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Radioiodine does not appear to be associated with permanent male infertility in most patients; however, possible testicular damage is suggested by the clear increase in FSH. In light of this, radioiodine therapy requires personalized counselling, pre-treatment andrological assessment, and consideration of sperm cryopreservation in young patients, those with a desire for future fatherhood, or candidates for high cumulative doses.
ABSTRACT INTRODUZIONE Il carcinoma differenziato della tiroide presenta generalmente una prognosi favorevole e interessa anche pazienti giovani, nei quali la qualità di vita e la futura fertilità assumono un ruolo centrale nel percorso terapeutico. La terapia radiometabolica con iodio-131 rappresenta un’opzione efficace in casi selezionati, grazie alla capacità delle cellule tiroidee residue o neoplastiche di captare iodio; tuttavia, l’esposizione radiante può coinvolgere anche tessuti non tiroidei, incluse le gonadi. Questa tesi analizza il possibile impatto del radioiodio sulla fertilità maschile nei pazienti con carcinoma tiroideo ben differenziato, integrando una revisione delle basi anatomiche, fisiologiche e oncologiche con una revisione sistematica e meta-analisi degli studi disponibili. MATERIALI E METODI La ricerca è stata condotta secondo le linee guida PRISMA, interrogando PubMed e Scopus fino a marzo 2026 e includendo studi prospettici e retrospettivi con confronto pre-post trattamento su parametri ormonali e seminali. Sono stati valutati FSH, LH, testosterone, inibina B, concentrazione, motilità e morfologia degli spermatozoi, frammentazione del DNA e anomalie cromosomiche, con analisi di sensibilità e sottogruppi per durata del follow-up e dose di radioiodio. RISULTATI I risultati indicano un incremento significativo dell’FSH, più evidente nei pazienti trattati con dosi pari o superiori a 100 mCi, suggerendo una possibile vulnerabilità del compartimento seminifero. Non emergono invece evidenze solide di riduzione stabile del testosterone o di compromissione irreversibile dei principali parametri seminali, sebbene siano presenti segnali di possibile riduzione della concentrazione spermatica e dell’inibina B in alcuni sottogruppi. CONCLUSIONI Il radioiodio non appare associato a infertilità maschile permanente nella maggior parte dei pazienti, ma risulta presente un possibile danno testicolare dovuto al chiaro aumento dell’FSH; alla luce di ciò la terapia con radioiodio richiede counselling personalizzato, valutazione andrologica pre-trattamento e considerazione della crioconservazione nei soggetti giovani, con desiderio di paternità o candidati a dosi cumulative elevate.
Effetti della terapia con radioiodio sulla fertilità maschile nei pazienti affetti da carcinoma ben differenziato della tiroide: revisione sistematica e metanalisi
CARDUCCI, MATTIA
2025/2026
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differentiated thyroid carcinoma generally has a favorable prognosis and also affects young patients, in whom quality of life and future fertility play a central role in the therapeutic pathway. Radioiodine therapy with iodine-131 represents an effective option in selected cases, owing to the ability of residual or neoplastic thyroid cells to uptake iodine; however, radiation exposure may also involve non-thyroid tissues, including the gonads. This thesis analyzes the potential impact of radioiodine on male fertility in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, integrating a review of the anatomical, physiological, and oncological foundations with a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed and Scopus up to March 2026 and including prospective and retrospective studies with pre- and post-treatment comparisons of hormonal and seminal parameters. FSH, LH, testosterone, inhibin B, sperm concentration, motility and morphology, DNA fragmentation, and chromosomal abnormalities were evaluated, with sensitivity and subgroup analyses according to follow-up duration and radioiodine dose. RESULTS The results indicate a significant increase in FSH, which is more evident in patients treated with doses equal to or greater than 100 mCi, suggesting a possible vulnerability of the seminiferous compartment. Conversely, no strong evidence emerged of a stable reduction in testosterone or irreversible impairment of the main seminal parameters, although signals of a possible reduction in sperm concentration and inhibin B were observed in some subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Radioiodine does not appear to be associated with permanent male infertility in most patients; however, possible testicular damage is suggested by the clear increase in FSH. In light of this, radioiodine therapy requires personalized counselling, pre-treatment andrological assessment, and consideration of sperm cryopreservation in young patients, those with a desire for future fatherhood, or candidates for high cumulative doses.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI MATTIA CARDUCCI COMPLETATA.pdf
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Descrizione: EFFETTI DELLA TERAPIA CON RADIOIODIO SULLA FERTILITÀ MASCHILE NEI PAZIENTI AFFETTI DA CARCINOMA BEN DIFFERENZIATO DELLA TIROIDE: REVISIONE SISTEMATICA E METANALISI
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/26753