Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid that has recently emerged in the new psychoactive substances market. It is structurally related to Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and is generally present as a mixture of the 9R-HHC and 9S-HHC epimers. Despite the increasing availability of HHC-containing products, evidence regarding its pharmacokinetic, metabolic, toxicological, and clinical profile in humans remains limited. The present experimental study evaluated the pharmacokinetic, toxicological-analytical, and clinical profile of HHC in seven healthy volunteers subject to a single administration of 25 mg of the substance. Blood, oral fluid, and urine samples were collected up to 48 hours post-administration and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS, in order to stereoselectively determine the 9R-HHC and 9S-HHC epimers and the main metabolites. At the same time, clinical parameters and symptoms reported by participants were monitored. The results revealed rapid absorption of HHC, with early detection of the epimers in blood and oral fluid. In blood samples, mean peak concentrations were observed within the first 20 minutes after administration, with higher values for 9R-HHC compared to 9S-HHC. Oral fluid showed elevated concentrations in the early phases, confirming its utility as a matrix for early detection of exposure, although subject to potential direct contamination of the oral cavity following inhalation. Urine allowed for a longer detection window, with metabolite identification up to 48 hours; among these, 11-NOR-9R-COOH-HHC was the most abundant and persistent metabolite. From a clinical standpoint, the observed effects were predominantly neurological, cardiovascular and neurovegetative in nature, including xerostomia, conjunctival hyperemia, headache, slowed speech and motor function, visual disturbances, blood pressure changes, and tachycardia. In the majority of participants these manifestations were mild and transient, although one subject experienced an episode of severe hypotension associated with nausea, dizziness and near-syncope, which led to early withdrawal from the study. Furthermore, high interindividual variability was also observed, both in biological concentrations and in clinical response. Overall, the data obtained contribute to the pharmacokinetic, toxicological and clinical characterization of HHC and provide useful elements for the interpretation of analytical findings in clinical, forensic, and medico-legal contexts. Despite the limitations associated with the small sample size, the single-dose design, and the lack of randomization, the findings indicate the need for a cautious approach toward HHC. They also underscore the necessity of further studies on larger cohorts with structured follow-ups to fully define its safety profile, individual response variability, and toxicological-forensic implications.
L’esaidrocannabinolo (HHC) è un cannabinoide semisintetico di recente diffusione nel mercato delle nuove sostanze psicoattive, strutturalmente correlato al Δ⁹-tetraidrocannabinolo (THC) e generalmente presente come miscela degli epimeri 9R-HHC e 9S-HHC. Nonostante la crescente disponibilità di prodotti contenenti HHC, le evidenze relative al suo profilo farmacocinetico, metabolico, tossicologico e clinico nell’uomo risultano ancora limitate. Il presente studio sperimentale ha valutato il profilo farmacocinetico, tossicologico-analitico e clinico dell’HHC in sette volontari sani sottoposti a singola somministrazione inalatoria di 25 mg della sostanza. Campioni di sangue, fluido orale e urine sono stati raccolti fino a 48 ore dopo l’assunzione e analizzati mediante UHPLC-MS/MS, al fine di determinare in modo stereoselettivo gli epimeri 9R-HHC e 9S-HHC e i principali metaboliti. Parallelamente sono stati monitorati i principali parametri clinici e la sintomatologia riferita dai partecipanti. I risultati hanno evidenziato un rapido assorbimento dell’HHC, con rilevabilità precoce degli epimeri nel sangue e nel fluido orale. Nei campioni ematici, le concentrazioni medie massime sono state osservate entro i primi 20 minuti dalla somministrazione, con valori superiori per il 9R-HHC rispetto al 9S-HHC. Il fluido orale ha mostrato concentrazioni elevate nelle fasi iniziali, confermandosi una matrice utile per il rilevamento precoce dell’esposizione, sebbene condizionata dalla possibile contaminazione diretta del cavo orale dopo inalazione. Le urine hanno consentito una finestra di rilevabilità più prolungata, con identificazione di metaboliti fino a 48 ore; tra questi, il 11-NOR-9R-COOH-HHC è risultato il metabolita più abbondante e persistente. Dal punto di vista clinico, gli effetti osservati sono stati prevalentemente neurologici, cardiovascolari e neurovegetativi, comprendendo xerostomia, iperemia congiuntivale, cefalea, rallentamento dell’eloquio e motorio, alterazioni visive, variazioni pressorie e tachicardia. Nella maggior parte dei partecipanti tali manifestazioni sono state lievi e transitorie, sebbene in un soggetto si sia verificato un episodio di ipotensione severa associata a nausea, vertigini e lipotimia, che ha comportato l’interruzione anticipata della partecipazione allo studio. È stata inoltre osservata un’elevata variabilità interindividuale, sia nelle concentrazioni biologiche sia nella risposta clinica. Nel complesso, i dati ottenuti contribuiscono alla caratterizzazione farmacocinetica, tossicologica e clinica dell’HHC e forniscono elementi utili per l’interpretazione dei risultati analitici in ambito clinico, forense e medico-legale. Nonostante i limiti legati alla ridotta numerosità campionaria, alla singola dose e all’assenza di randomizzazione, i risultati indicano la necessità di un approccio prudente nei confronti dell’HHC e rendono indispensabili studi su campioni più ampi e con follow-up strutturato per definirne compiutamente il profilo di sicurezza, la variabilità individuale della risposta e le implicazioni tossicologico-forensi.
PROFILI FARMACOCINETICI, TOSSICOLOGICI E CLINICI DI UN DERIVATO SEMISINTETICO DELLA CANNABIS, L'ESAIDROCANNABINOLO (HHC): STUDIO SPERIMENTALE IN VOLONTARI SANI
GRACIOTTI, MAREA
2025/2026
Abstract
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid that has recently emerged in the new psychoactive substances market. It is structurally related to Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and is generally present as a mixture of the 9R-HHC and 9S-HHC epimers. Despite the increasing availability of HHC-containing products, evidence regarding its pharmacokinetic, metabolic, toxicological, and clinical profile in humans remains limited. The present experimental study evaluated the pharmacokinetic, toxicological-analytical, and clinical profile of HHC in seven healthy volunteers subject to a single administration of 25 mg of the substance. Blood, oral fluid, and urine samples were collected up to 48 hours post-administration and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS, in order to stereoselectively determine the 9R-HHC and 9S-HHC epimers and the main metabolites. At the same time, clinical parameters and symptoms reported by participants were monitored. The results revealed rapid absorption of HHC, with early detection of the epimers in blood and oral fluid. In blood samples, mean peak concentrations were observed within the first 20 minutes after administration, with higher values for 9R-HHC compared to 9S-HHC. Oral fluid showed elevated concentrations in the early phases, confirming its utility as a matrix for early detection of exposure, although subject to potential direct contamination of the oral cavity following inhalation. Urine allowed for a longer detection window, with metabolite identification up to 48 hours; among these, 11-NOR-9R-COOH-HHC was the most abundant and persistent metabolite. From a clinical standpoint, the observed effects were predominantly neurological, cardiovascular and neurovegetative in nature, including xerostomia, conjunctival hyperemia, headache, slowed speech and motor function, visual disturbances, blood pressure changes, and tachycardia. In the majority of participants these manifestations were mild and transient, although one subject experienced an episode of severe hypotension associated with nausea, dizziness and near-syncope, which led to early withdrawal from the study. Furthermore, high interindividual variability was also observed, both in biological concentrations and in clinical response. Overall, the data obtained contribute to the pharmacokinetic, toxicological and clinical characterization of HHC and provide useful elements for the interpretation of analytical findings in clinical, forensic, and medico-legal contexts. Despite the limitations associated with the small sample size, the single-dose design, and the lack of randomization, the findings indicate the need for a cautious approach toward HHC. They also underscore the necessity of further studies on larger cohorts with structured follow-ups to fully define its safety profile, individual response variability, and toxicological-forensic implications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di Graciotti Marea dal titolo "PROFILI FARMACOCINETICI, TOSSICOLOGICI E CLINICI DI UN DERIVATO SEMISINTETICO DELLA CANNABIS, L’ESAIDROCANNABINOLO (HHC): STUDIO SPERIMENTALE IN VOLONTARI SANI"
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/26761