This thesis examines the structural fragmentation of fiscal governance within the European Union, arguing that the coexistence of heterogeneous national tax regimes has progressively given rise to a system characterised by “two fiscal speeds.” Despite the substantial advancement of economic integration through the Single Market and the Economic and Monetary Union, fiscal policy remains predominantly within the competence of the Member States, creating a persistent asymmetry between supranational market integration and national fiscal sovereignty. The research investigates the historical evolution of European fiscal governance, the legal and institutional constraints embedded in the Treaties, and the mechanisms through which fiscal competition has shaped divergent economic trajectories across the Union. Particular attention is devoted to the comparative analysis of two contrasting fiscal models: the high-tax, coordinated approach represented by Italy and Germany, and the competitive-tax model exemplified by Ireland and the Netherlands. Through this comparison, the study highlights the implications of different fiscal strategies for competitiveness, public finances, welfare systems, and long-term economic resilience. The central argument advanced is that fiscal divergence should not be interpreted as a temporary imbalance or policy failure, but rather as a structural consequence of the current architecture of European integration. The decentralised allocation of fiscal competences, combined with the deep integration of markets and capital mobility, has generated incentives that reinforce differentiated national strategies and hinder meaningful fiscal convergence. The findings suggest that the persistence of these divergent models poses significant challenges for economic cohesion, regulatory consistency, and the effective functioning of the Single Market. In this context, the thesis argues that a more coherent alignment between economic integration and fiscal governance is essential to reduce structural asymmetries and strengthen the long-term stability, legitimacy, and sustainability of the European project.
La presente tesi analizza la frammentazione strutturale della governance fiscale dell’Unione Europea, sostenendo che la coesistenza di modelli tributari nazionali eterogenei abbia progressivamente determinato la formazione di un sistema caratterizzato da “due velocità fiscali”. Sebbene il Mercato Unico e l’Unione Economica e Monetaria abbiano promosso un elevato livello di integrazione economica, la politica fiscale continua a rimanere prevalentemente di competenza degli Stati membri, generando una persistente asimmetria tra integrazione dei mercati e sovranità fiscale nazionale. L’elaborato ricostruisce l’evoluzione della governance fiscale europea, esamina i vincoli giuridici e istituzionali derivanti dai Trattati e approfondisce i meccanismi attraverso cui la concorrenza fiscale ha contribuito alla definizione di percorsi economici divergenti all’interno dell’Unione. In particolare, viene sviluppata un’analisi comparativa tra due modelli fiscali contrapposti: il modello ad alta imposizione e forte coordinamento istituzionale, rappresentato da Italia e Germania, e il modello a fiscalità competitiva, incarnato da Irlanda e Paesi Bassi. Tale confronto consente di evidenziare gli effetti delle diverse strategie fiscali sulla competitività, sulla sostenibilità delle finanze pubbliche, sui sistemi di welfare e sulla resilienza economica di lungo periodo. La tesi sostiene che la divergenza fiscale non costituisca un fenomeno congiunturale né una mera inefficienza regolatoria, bensì una conseguenza strutturale dell’attuale configurazione istituzionale dell’integrazione europea. La combinazione tra competenze fiscali decentralizzate, elevata integrazione dei mercati e mobilità dei capitali ha infatti favorito il consolidamento di strategie nazionali differenziate, rendendo complesso il raggiungimento di una reale convergenza fiscale. I risultati della ricerca evidenziano come la persistenza di tali modelli rappresenti una sfida rilevante per la coesione economica, la coerenza regolatoria e il corretto funzionamento del Mercato Unico. In questa prospettiva, il lavoro conclude che un rafforzamento del coordinamento fiscale europeo e un maggiore allineamento tra integrazione economica e governance fiscale costituiscono condizioni essenziali per garantire la stabilità, la legittimità e la sostenibilità del progetto europeo nel lungo periodo.
EUROPE WITH TWO FISCAL SPEEDS: THE WEAKNESSES OF EUROPEAN REGULATION A Comparative Analysis of High Tax and Competitive Tax Models
MAZZIOTTI, ANGELICA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the structural fragmentation of fiscal governance within the European Union, arguing that the coexistence of heterogeneous national tax regimes has progressively given rise to a system characterised by “two fiscal speeds.” Despite the substantial advancement of economic integration through the Single Market and the Economic and Monetary Union, fiscal policy remains predominantly within the competence of the Member States, creating a persistent asymmetry between supranational market integration and national fiscal sovereignty. The research investigates the historical evolution of European fiscal governance, the legal and institutional constraints embedded in the Treaties, and the mechanisms through which fiscal competition has shaped divergent economic trajectories across the Union. Particular attention is devoted to the comparative analysis of two contrasting fiscal models: the high-tax, coordinated approach represented by Italy and Germany, and the competitive-tax model exemplified by Ireland and the Netherlands. Through this comparison, the study highlights the implications of different fiscal strategies for competitiveness, public finances, welfare systems, and long-term economic resilience. The central argument advanced is that fiscal divergence should not be interpreted as a temporary imbalance or policy failure, but rather as a structural consequence of the current architecture of European integration. The decentralised allocation of fiscal competences, combined with the deep integration of markets and capital mobility, has generated incentives that reinforce differentiated national strategies and hinder meaningful fiscal convergence. The findings suggest that the persistence of these divergent models poses significant challenges for economic cohesion, regulatory consistency, and the effective functioning of the Single Market. In this context, the thesis argues that a more coherent alignment between economic integration and fiscal governance is essential to reduce structural asymmetries and strengthen the long-term stability, legitimacy, and sustainability of the European project.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/26956