This thesis analyzes the circular economy from a business and economic perspective, with particular attention to circular and regenerative business models and their application to a concrete case study. In light of the limitations of the linear economic model of “extraction-production-consumption-disposal” — resource depletion, waste generation, and loss of value throughout the life cycle of materials — the circular economy is presented not merely as an advanced form of recycling, but as a reorganization of value-creation processes based on the three principles of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation: eliminating waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating nature. After providing a definition of the circular economy, together with its advantages and limitations (Chapter I), and presenting the main types of circular business models identified by the OECD — circular supply, resource recovery, product life extension, sharing, and product-service systems — along with their ability to generate economic, environmental, and social value (Chapter II), the thesis applies this framework to the Acacia auriculiformis cultivation project launched in the Republic of the Congo by Green Services Sarl, in the Tandou Mboma area (Chapter III). Using the Business Model Canvas, the project is analyzed through its phases of value creation, value delivery, and value capture. The central element is the biotransformation of drilling muds — a waste product of the oil industry — into fertile soil, which is used to support a plantation that produces biomass, timber, and potentially sustainable charcoal, while at the same time reducing pressure on natural forests and sequestering CO₂. The case can therefore be classified primarily as a resource recovery and circular supply model. The economic analysis highlights an estimated net profit from drilling mud treatment of approximately €5,950 per hectare, biomass production of 140 tonnes per hectare after four years, and potential revenues from charcoal sales ranging between €12,000 and €15,000 per hectare, against an initial investment of approximately €1.3 million and risks related to plant mortality, price volatility, and the lack of certification of environmental benefits. The overall assessment is positive but conditional: the circular economy can represent a sustainable and advantageous model for businesses only if the declared benefits are measured through verifiable indicators, costs are controlled, and the model is made stable over time.
La presente tesi analizza l'economia circolare da una prospettiva economico-aziendale, con particolare attenzione ai modelli di business circolari e rigenerativi e alla loro applicazione a un caso concreto. A fronte dei limiti del modello economico lineare "estrazione-produzione-consumo-smaltimento" — esaurimento delle risorse, produzione di rifiuti e perdita di valore lungo il ciclo di vita dei materiali — l'economia circolare viene presentata non come semplice forma avanzata di riciclo, ma come una riorganizzazione dei processi di creazione del valore fondata sui tre principi della Ellen MacArthur Foundation: eliminare rifiuti e inquinamento, mantenere prodotti e materiali in uso e rigenerare la natura. Dopo aver dato la definizione di economia circolare insieme ai suoi vantaggi e limiti(Capitolo I) e le principali tipologie di modello di business circolare individuate dall'OCSE — circular supply, resource recovery, product life extension, sharing e product-service system — insieme alla loro capacità di generare valore economico, ambientale e sociale (Capitolo II), il lavoro applica tale quadro al progetto di coltivazione di Acacia auriculiformis avviato nella Repubblica del Congo dalla società Green Services Sarl, nell'area di Tandou Mboma (Capitolo III). Attraverso lo strumento del Business Model Canvas, il progetto viene analizzato nelle sue fasi di creazione, distribuzione e cattura del valore. L'elemento centrale è la biotrasformazione dei fanghi di trivellazione — un rifiuto dell'industria petrolifera — in suolo fertile, impiegato per sostenere una piantagione che produce biomassa, legname e potenzialmente carbone vegetale sostenibile, riducendo al contempo la pressione sulle foreste naturali e sequestrando CO₂. Il caso si configura pertanto soprattutto come un modello di resource recovery e circular supply. L'analisi economica evidenzia un utile netto stimato dal trattamento dei fanghi pari a circa 5.950 €/ettaro, una produzione di biomassa di 140 tonnellate/ettaro dopo quattro anni e ricavi potenziali dalla vendita di carbone compresi tra 12.000 e 15.000 €/ettaro, a fronte di un investimento iniziale di circa 1,3 milioni di euro e di rischi legati alla mortalità delle piante, alla volatilità dei prezzi e alla mancata certificazione dei benefici ambientali. La valutazione complessiva è positiva ma condizionata: l'economia circolare può rappresentare un modello sostenibile e vantaggioso per le imprese soltanto se i benefici dichiarati vengono misurati con indicatori verificabili, i costi controllati e il modello reso stabile nel tempo.
ECONOMIA CIRCOLARE E MODELLI DI BUSINESS RIGENERATIVI: IL CASO DELLA COLTIVAZIONE DI ACACIA IN CONGO
EREMEEV, DANIEL
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the circular economy from a business and economic perspective, with particular attention to circular and regenerative business models and their application to a concrete case study. In light of the limitations of the linear economic model of “extraction-production-consumption-disposal” — resource depletion, waste generation, and loss of value throughout the life cycle of materials — the circular economy is presented not merely as an advanced form of recycling, but as a reorganization of value-creation processes based on the three principles of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation: eliminating waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating nature. After providing a definition of the circular economy, together with its advantages and limitations (Chapter I), and presenting the main types of circular business models identified by the OECD — circular supply, resource recovery, product life extension, sharing, and product-service systems — along with their ability to generate economic, environmental, and social value (Chapter II), the thesis applies this framework to the Acacia auriculiformis cultivation project launched in the Republic of the Congo by Green Services Sarl, in the Tandou Mboma area (Chapter III). Using the Business Model Canvas, the project is analyzed through its phases of value creation, value delivery, and value capture. The central element is the biotransformation of drilling muds — a waste product of the oil industry — into fertile soil, which is used to support a plantation that produces biomass, timber, and potentially sustainable charcoal, while at the same time reducing pressure on natural forests and sequestering CO₂. The case can therefore be classified primarily as a resource recovery and circular supply model. The economic analysis highlights an estimated net profit from drilling mud treatment of approximately €5,950 per hectare, biomass production of 140 tonnes per hectare after four years, and potential revenues from charcoal sales ranging between €12,000 and €15,000 per hectare, against an initial investment of approximately €1.3 million and risks related to plant mortality, price volatility, and the lack of certification of environmental benefits. The overall assessment is positive but conditional: the circular economy can represent a sustainable and advantageous model for businesses only if the declared benefits are measured through verifiable indicators, costs are controlled, and the model is made stable over time.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27396