This thesis reviews the empirical economic literature on the effects of two environmental factors — ambient temperature and air pollution — on criminal activity. Drawing on more than fifty studies across economics, criminology, and environmental science, it sets out the main theoretical channels through which environmental conditions may influence crime — physiological aggression, routine-activity, and neuro-inflammatory mechanisms — and then critically assesses the empirical evidence for each. The temperature–crime literature, built largely on panel fixed-effects designs, documents a consistent and economically meaningful association between heat and violent crime, with effects concentrated in impulsive, interpersonal offences and a pronounced nonlinearity at high temperatures. The smaller air pollution–crime literature, relying on quasi-experimental and instrumental-variable strategies, points to a comparable effect of fine particulate matter and ozone on impulsive crime. Throughout, the review weighs the credibility of competing identification strategies, engages with recent challenges to the robustness of these findings, and distinguishes well-identified studies from purely correlational ones. It then identifies the principal gaps that remain — most notably the joint estimation of the two channels, the under-use of calls-for-service data, and the limited geographic scope of the pollution literature.
Questa tesi passa in rassegna la letteratura economica empirica sugli effetti di due fattori ambientali — la temperatura e l'inquinamento atmosferico — sull'attività criminale. Sulla base di oltre cinquanta studi nei campi dell'economia, della criminologia e delle scienze ambientali, vengono illustrati i principali canali teorici attraverso cui le condizioni ambientali possono influenzare la criminalità — i meccanismi dell'aggressività fisiologica, delle attività di routine e dell'infiammazione neurologica — e viene poi valutata criticamente l'evidenza empirica relativa a ciascuno di essi. La letteratura sul rapporto temperatura–criminalità, fondata in larga parte su modelli panel a effetti fissi, documenta un'associazione robusta ed economicamente rilevante tra calore e crimini violenti, con effetti concentrati nei reati impulsivi e interpersonali e una marcata non linearità alle temperature elevate. La più ristretta letteratura sul rapporto inquinamento–criminalità, basata su strategie quasi-sperimentali e su variabili strumentali, evidenzia un effetto analogo del particolato fine e dell'ozono sui crimini impulsivi. Lungo tutta la trattazione, la rassegna valuta la credibilità delle diverse strategie di identificazione, esamina le recenti critiche alla robustezza di questi risultati e distingue gli studi ben identificati da quelli puramente correlazionali. Vengono infine individuate le principali lacune ancora aperte — in particolare la stima congiunta dei due canali, lo scarso utilizzo dei dati sulle chiamate di emergenza e la limitata copertura geografica della letteratura sull'inquinamento.
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION AND TEMPERATURE ON CRIMINAL ACTIVITY: A LITERATURE REWIEW
TAFESSE, ABINET KURABACHEW
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis reviews the empirical economic literature on the effects of two environmental factors — ambient temperature and air pollution — on criminal activity. Drawing on more than fifty studies across economics, criminology, and environmental science, it sets out the main theoretical channels through which environmental conditions may influence crime — physiological aggression, routine-activity, and neuro-inflammatory mechanisms — and then critically assesses the empirical evidence for each. The temperature–crime literature, built largely on panel fixed-effects designs, documents a consistent and economically meaningful association between heat and violent crime, with effects concentrated in impulsive, interpersonal offences and a pronounced nonlinearity at high temperatures. The smaller air pollution–crime literature, relying on quasi-experimental and instrumental-variable strategies, points to a comparable effect of fine particulate matter and ozone on impulsive crime. Throughout, the review weighs the credibility of competing identification strategies, engages with recent challenges to the robustness of these findings, and distinguishes well-identified studies from purely correlational ones. It then identifies the principal gaps that remain — most notably the joint estimation of the two channels, the under-use of calls-for-service data, and the limited geographic scope of the pollution literature.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27549