Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing emerging threats to global public health, with significant implications for the clinical, veterinary, and environmental sectors. In this context, the genus Enterococcus, particularly Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, has gained increasing attention due to its remarkable ability to acquire, maintain, and disseminate antimicrobial resistance determinants. Considering the close interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health, the present study was designed according to a One Health approach, with the aim of characterizing the genomic antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterococcal isolates recovered from animal and food matrices. During the study, enterococcal isolates obtained from different sources, including wild animal species and food samples, were analyzed using conventional culture-based isolation, identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) performed on the Illumina NextSeq 1000 platform. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses included sequencing quality assessment, taxonomic characterization, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and the identification of the major genetic determinants associated with antimicrobial resistance. Genomic analysis revealed a heterogeneous enterococcal population characterized by the presence of multiple Sequence Types (STs), including two novel STs not previously described. These findings confirm the high genomic plasticity of enterococci and their ability to adapt to diverse ecological niches. Consistent with the One Health framework adopted in this study, the antimicrobial resistance profiles identified in animal- and food-derived enterococcal isolates were further compared with those of clinical isolates used as a reference population. This comparative analysis revealed substantial differences among the investigated sectors, demonstrating that clinical isolates harbored a greater number of antimicrobial resistance determinants and exhibited more complex resistance profiles than isolates of animal and food origin. These findings suggest the existence of distinct selective pressures across different ecological settings and further support the role of enterococci as reservoirs and potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes at the human–animal–environment interface. The preliminary findings of this study highlight the value of an integrated genomic approach for investigating the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and emphasize the need for surveillance programs based on the One Health paradigm. Moreover, the generated data provide a valuable foundation for future comparative studies and for further elucidating the evolutionary and genomic mechanisms underlying the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci.
La resistenza antimicrobica (AMR) rappresenta una delle principali minacce emergenti per la salute pubblica globale, con importanti implicazioni in ambito clinico, veterinario e ambientale. In tale contesto, il genere Enterococcus, in particolare Enterococcus faecium ed Enterococcus faecalis, riveste un ruolo di crescente rilevanza per la capacità di acquisire, mantenere e diffondere determinanti genetici di antibiotico-resistenza. Alla luce dell’interconnessione tra salute umana, animale e ambientale, il presente studio è stato sviluppato secondo un approccio One Health, con l’obiettivo di caratterizzare i profili genomici di antibiotico-resistenza di ceppi enterococcici isolati da matrici animali ed alimentari. Nel corso dello studio sono stati analizzati ceppi isolati da differenti matrici, incluse specie animali selvatiche e campioni alimentari, mediante isolamento colturale, identificazione tramite spettrometria di massa MALDI-TOF e sequenziamento genomico completo (Whole Genome Sequencing, WGS) su piattaforma Illumina NextSeq 1000. Le successive analisi bioinformatiche hanno consentito la valutazione della qualità dei dati di sequenziamento, la caratterizzazione tassonomica, l’analisi cgMLST e l’identificazione dei principali determinanti genetici associati alla resistenza antimicrobica. L’analisi genomica ha evidenziato una popolazione enterococcica eterogenea, caratterizzata dalla presenza di differenti Sequence Types (ST), inclusi due nuovi ST precedentemente non descritti, confermando l’elevata plasticità genomica degli enterococchi e la loro capacità di adattarsi a differenti nicchie ecologiche. In linea con l’approccio One Health adottato nel presente studio, i profili di resistenza antimicrobica identificati negli isolati enterococcici di origine animale e alimentare sono stati inoltre confrontati con i profili di resistenza ottenuti da isolati clinici utilizzati come popolazione di riferimento. Il confronto ha evidenziato differenze sostanziali tra i diversi comparti analizzati, mostrando come gli isolati clinici presentassero un numero maggiore di determinanti genetici di resistenza e profili di resistenza più complessi rispetto ai ceppi di origine animale e alimentare. Tali risultati suggeriscono l’esistenza di differenti pressioni selettive nei diversi ambienti ecologici e supportano il ruolo degli enterococchi come reservoir e potenziali vettori di geni di antibiotico-resistenza lungo l’interfaccia uomo–animale–ambiente. I dati preliminari ottenuti evidenziano l’importanza dell’approccio genomico integrato nello studio della diffusione della AMR e sottolineano la necessità di programmi di sorveglianza basati sul paradigma One Health. I risultati prodotti costituiscono inoltre una base utile per futuri studi comparativi e per l’approfondimento dei meccanismi evolutivi e genomici coinvolti nell’emergenza della resistenza antimicrobica negli enterococchi.
Genomica della resistenza antimicrobica negli Enterococchi: un’indagine multi-settoriale con approccio One Health
DI GIULIANO, ANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing emerging threats to global public health, with significant implications for the clinical, veterinary, and environmental sectors. In this context, the genus Enterococcus, particularly Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, has gained increasing attention due to its remarkable ability to acquire, maintain, and disseminate antimicrobial resistance determinants. Considering the close interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health, the present study was designed according to a One Health approach, with the aim of characterizing the genomic antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterococcal isolates recovered from animal and food matrices. During the study, enterococcal isolates obtained from different sources, including wild animal species and food samples, were analyzed using conventional culture-based isolation, identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) performed on the Illumina NextSeq 1000 platform. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses included sequencing quality assessment, taxonomic characterization, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and the identification of the major genetic determinants associated with antimicrobial resistance. Genomic analysis revealed a heterogeneous enterococcal population characterized by the presence of multiple Sequence Types (STs), including two novel STs not previously described. These findings confirm the high genomic plasticity of enterococci and their ability to adapt to diverse ecological niches. Consistent with the One Health framework adopted in this study, the antimicrobial resistance profiles identified in animal- and food-derived enterococcal isolates were further compared with those of clinical isolates used as a reference population. This comparative analysis revealed substantial differences among the investigated sectors, demonstrating that clinical isolates harbored a greater number of antimicrobial resistance determinants and exhibited more complex resistance profiles than isolates of animal and food origin. These findings suggest the existence of distinct selective pressures across different ecological settings and further support the role of enterococci as reservoirs and potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes at the human–animal–environment interface. The preliminary findings of this study highlight the value of an integrated genomic approach for investigating the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and emphasize the need for surveillance programs based on the One Health paradigm. Moreover, the generated data provide a valuable foundation for future comparative studies and for further elucidating the evolutionary and genomic mechanisms underlying the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27848