Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is a complex immune-mediated disease characterized by vascular dysfunction, immune alterations, and progressive fibrotic remodeling. Endothelial damage represents one of the earliest events in the disease and may contribute to the transition from primary Raynaud’s phenomenon to the VEDOSS phase (Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis), up to established systemic sclerosis. In this context, PRP, VEDOSS, and SSc may be interpreted as different phases of a clinical and biological continuum. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate vascular involvement along the PRP–VEDOSS–SSc continuum through an integrated approach, including clinical data, circulating biomarkers of endothelial activation and damage, cell typing, and transcriptomic analysis on peripheral blood samples. The study included 62 female subjects: 14 PRP, 14 VEDOSS, and 34 SSc. RNA-seq analysis was also performed in a subgroup of 26 subjects. The results showed greater endothelial activation in patients with SSc. In particular, sVCAM-1 was significantly increased in SSc patients compared with both PRP subjects and VEDOSS subjects, emerging as the most discriminating soluble biomarker. sICAM-1 and circulating endothelial cells also showed alterations consistent with greater endothelial damage in established disease. Furthermore, in SSc and VEDOSS patients with atherosclerosis, sVCAM-1 was significantly higher than in subjects without atherosclerosis, suggesting a possible relationship between endothelial activation and macrovascular remodeling. Transcriptomic analysis identified 30 significantly modulated transcripts in the SSc versus PRP comparison, including genes associated with immune, inflammatory, monocyte/macrophage-related processes, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling. GSEA analysis also showed marked enrichment of immune-inflammatory pathways in SSc patients, including interferon response, TNFα/NF-κB signaling, IL6/JAK/STAT3, and complement, together with pathways related to hypoxia, coagulation, oxidative stress, cell adhesion, and tissue remodeling. In VEDOSS subjects, on the other hand, the transcriptomic profile showed enrichment mainly of inflammatory and hypoxia-related pathways, without the broader involvement of the other pathways observed in patients with SSc. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that progression toward systemic sclerosis is associated with the progressive integration of endothelial, immune, and tissue-remodeling mechanisms. Although limited by the sample size, this study highlights the potential value of an integrated approach for characterizing the early vascular-inflammatory phase in systemic sclerosis.
La Sclerosi Sistemica (SSc) o Sclerodermia è una patologia immunomediata complessa caratterizzata da disfunzione vascolare, alterazioni immunitarie e progressivo rimodellamento fibrotico. Il danno endoteliale rappresenta uno degli eventi più precoci della malattia e può contribuire alla transizione dal fenomeno di Raynaud primario alla fase VEDOSS (Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis) fino alla Sclerosi Sistemica conclamata. In questo contesto, PRP, VEDOSS e SSc possono essere interpretati come fasi diverse di un continuum clinico e biologico. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato valutare il coinvolgimento vascolare lungo il continuum PRP–VEDOSS–SSc attraverso un approccio integrato, comprendente dati clinici, biomarcatori circolanti di attivazione e danno endoteliale, tipizzazione cellulare e analisi trascrittomica su campioni di sangue periferico. Lo studio ha incluso 62 soggetti di sesso femminile: 14 PRP, 14 VEDOSS e 34 SSc. In un sottogruppo di 26 soggetti è stata inoltre eseguita un’analisi RNA-seq. I risultati hanno evidenziato una maggiore attivazione endoteliale nei pazienti con SSc. In particolare, sVCAM-1 è risultata significativamente aumentata nei pazienti SSc rispetto sia ai soggetti PRP sia ai VEDOSS, emergendo come il biomarcatore solubile più discriminante. Anche sICAM-1 e le cellule endoteliali circolanti hanno mostrato alterazioni compatibili con un maggiore danno endoteliale nella malattia conclamata. Inoltre, nei pazienti SSc e VEDOSS con aterosclerosi, sVCAM-1 era significativamente più elevata rispetto ai soggetti senza aterosclerosi, suggerendo una possibile relazione tra attivazione endoteliale e rimodellamento macrovascolare. L’analisi trascrittomica ha identificato 30 trascritti significativamente modulati nel confronto SSc versus PRP, comprendenti geni associati a processi immunitari, infiammatori, monocito/macrofagici, stress ossidativo e rimodellamento della matrice extracellulare. L’analisi GSEA ha inoltre mostrato nei pazienti SSc un marcato arricchimento di pathway immuno-infiammatori, tra cui risposta all’interferone, segnalazione TNFα/NF-κB, IL6/JAK/STAT3 e complemento, insieme a pathway legati a ipossia, coagulazione, stress ossidativo, adesione cellulare e rimodellamento tissutale. Nei soggetti VEDOSS, invece, il profilo trascrittomico ha evidenziato un arricchimento prevalentemente di pathway infiammatori e correlati all’ipossia, senza il più ampio coinvolgimento degli altri pathway osservato nei pazienti con SSc. Nel complesso, questi risultati supportano l’ipotesi che la progressione verso la sclerosi sistemica sia associata alla progressiva integrazione di meccanismi endoteliali, immunitari e di rimodellamento tissutale. Pur con i limiti legati alla numerosità campionaria, questo studio evidenzia il potenziale valore di un approccio integrato per caratterizzare la fase vascolare-infiammatoria precoce nella sclerosi sistemica.
Firme Trascrittomiche e Immunologiche del Coinvolgimento Micro- e Macrovascolare nella Sclerosi Sistemica e nella VEDOSS
IAMANDI, GEORGIANA EMILIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is a complex immune-mediated disease characterized by vascular dysfunction, immune alterations, and progressive fibrotic remodeling. Endothelial damage represents one of the earliest events in the disease and may contribute to the transition from primary Raynaud’s phenomenon to the VEDOSS phase (Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis), up to established systemic sclerosis. In this context, PRP, VEDOSS, and SSc may be interpreted as different phases of a clinical and biological continuum. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate vascular involvement along the PRP–VEDOSS–SSc continuum through an integrated approach, including clinical data, circulating biomarkers of endothelial activation and damage, cell typing, and transcriptomic analysis on peripheral blood samples. The study included 62 female subjects: 14 PRP, 14 VEDOSS, and 34 SSc. RNA-seq analysis was also performed in a subgroup of 26 subjects. The results showed greater endothelial activation in patients with SSc. In particular, sVCAM-1 was significantly increased in SSc patients compared with both PRP subjects and VEDOSS subjects, emerging as the most discriminating soluble biomarker. sICAM-1 and circulating endothelial cells also showed alterations consistent with greater endothelial damage in established disease. Furthermore, in SSc and VEDOSS patients with atherosclerosis, sVCAM-1 was significantly higher than in subjects without atherosclerosis, suggesting a possible relationship between endothelial activation and macrovascular remodeling. Transcriptomic analysis identified 30 significantly modulated transcripts in the SSc versus PRP comparison, including genes associated with immune, inflammatory, monocyte/macrophage-related processes, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling. GSEA analysis also showed marked enrichment of immune-inflammatory pathways in SSc patients, including interferon response, TNFα/NF-κB signaling, IL6/JAK/STAT3, and complement, together with pathways related to hypoxia, coagulation, oxidative stress, cell adhesion, and tissue remodeling. In VEDOSS subjects, on the other hand, the transcriptomic profile showed enrichment mainly of inflammatory and hypoxia-related pathways, without the broader involvement of the other pathways observed in patients with SSc. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that progression toward systemic sclerosis is associated with the progressive integration of endothelial, immune, and tissue-remodeling mechanisms. Although limited by the sample size, this study highlights the potential value of an integrated approach for characterizing the early vascular-inflammatory phase in systemic sclerosis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27849