Cetaceans are marine mammals that are particularly challenging to study in the wild due to their wide geographic distribution and high mobility, characteristics that complicate long-term population monitoring and the reconstruction of their historical dynamics. In this context, ancient DNA extracted from historical and museum specimens has proven to be an extremely effective tool for reconstructing how these animals have changed over time, providing insights into population genetic structure, migratory patterns, and the impact of commercial whaling on genetic diversity. This study analyzed two short regions of mitochondrial DNA—the control region and the cytochrome b gene—in museum specimens of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), primarily originating from the Mediterranean Sea. Molecular analysis made it possible not only to identify miscataloged specimens but also to assign the correct species to individuals previously labeled generically as Balaenoptera sp. DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced using specific protocols; the resulting sequences were compared with those available in GenBank and the scientific literature to construct a haplotype network, which also allowed for the estimation of the geographic origin of samples with previously unknown provenance. All analyzed samples belonged to haplotypes within the Atlantic-Mediterranean cluster, including three haplotypes not previously described in the literature. The molecular investigation also aimed to detect potential hybrids between fin whales and blue whales (B. musculus); while this phenomenon is documented in the literature, no such hybrids were found among the examined samples. Overall, this study confirms that morphological analysis must be complemented by molecular investigation to ensure reliable specimen identification, and highlights the value of ancient DNA as a tool for reconstructing past evolutionary and ecological dynamics—such as population structure, gene flow, and changes in genetic diversity. All this information is essential for defining conservation strategies. This approach is particularly relevant for the fin whale in the Mediterranean, which hosts a genetically isolated resident population that has historically been subjected to intense anthropogenic pressures, making it a priority for species conservation efforts.
I Cetacei sono mammiferi marini particolarmente difficili da studiare in natura a causa della loro ampia distribuzione geografica e dell'elevata mobilità, caratteristiche che rendono complesso il monitoraggio a lungo termine delle popolazioni e la ricostruzione delle loro dinamiche storiche. In questo contesto, il DNA antico estratto da reperti storici e museali si è affermato uno strumento estremamente efficace per ricostruire come questi animali siano cambiati nel tempo, fornendo informazioni sulla struttura genetica delle popolazioni, sui flussi migratori e sugli effetti che la caccia commerciale ha esercitato sulla loro variabilità genetica. In questo lavoro sono state analizzate due brevi regioni del DNA mitocondriale, la regione di controllo e il gene del citocromo b, in campioni museali di balenottera comune (Balaenoptera physalus), provenienti in gran parte dal Mar Mediterraneo. L'analisi molecolare ha permesso non solo di individuare reperti catalogati erroneamente, ma anche di attribuire alla specie corretta esemplari indicati genericamente come Balaenoptera sp. Il DNA è stato estratto, amplificato e sequenziato secondo protocolli specifici e le sequenze ottenute sono state confrontate con quelle disponibili in GenBank e in letteratura per la costruzione di un network di aplotipi, che ha inoltre consentito di stimare la provenienza geografica di campioni la cui origine era sconosciuta. Tutti i campioni analizzati sono risultati appartenere ad aplotipi del cluster Atlantico-Mediterraneo, e tra questi sono stati identificati tre aplotipi precedentemente non descritti in letteratura. L'indagine molecolare è stata inoltre condotta per verificare l'eventuale presenza di ibridi tra balenottera comune e balenottera azzurra (B. musculus), fenomeno documentato in letteratura ma non riscontrato in nessuno dei campioni esaminati. Nel complesso, questo studio conferma come l'analisi morfologica debba essere affiancata da un'indagine molecolare per garantire un'identificazione affidabile dei reperti, e sottolinea il valore del DNA antico come strumento per ricostruire dinamiche evolutive ed ecologiche del passato, come struttura delle popolazioni, flussi genici, variazioni nella diversità genetica. Tutte queste informazioni risultano essenziali per definire strategie di conservazione. Tale approccio risulta particolarmente rilevante per la balenottera comune nel Mediterraneo, che ospita una popolazione residente geneticamente isolata, storicamente esposta a forti pressioni antropiche e per questo prioritaria negli sforzi di tutela della specie.
Caratterizzazione genetica di reperti storici attribuiti al genere Balaenoptera (Lacépède,1804)
LANZONE, SHARON MARIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Cetaceans are marine mammals that are particularly challenging to study in the wild due to their wide geographic distribution and high mobility, characteristics that complicate long-term population monitoring and the reconstruction of their historical dynamics. In this context, ancient DNA extracted from historical and museum specimens has proven to be an extremely effective tool for reconstructing how these animals have changed over time, providing insights into population genetic structure, migratory patterns, and the impact of commercial whaling on genetic diversity. This study analyzed two short regions of mitochondrial DNA—the control region and the cytochrome b gene—in museum specimens of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), primarily originating from the Mediterranean Sea. Molecular analysis made it possible not only to identify miscataloged specimens but also to assign the correct species to individuals previously labeled generically as Balaenoptera sp. DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced using specific protocols; the resulting sequences were compared with those available in GenBank and the scientific literature to construct a haplotype network, which also allowed for the estimation of the geographic origin of samples with previously unknown provenance. All analyzed samples belonged to haplotypes within the Atlantic-Mediterranean cluster, including three haplotypes not previously described in the literature. The molecular investigation also aimed to detect potential hybrids between fin whales and blue whales (B. musculus); while this phenomenon is documented in the literature, no such hybrids were found among the examined samples. Overall, this study confirms that morphological analysis must be complemented by molecular investigation to ensure reliable specimen identification, and highlights the value of ancient DNA as a tool for reconstructing past evolutionary and ecological dynamics—such as population structure, gene flow, and changes in genetic diversity. All this information is essential for defining conservation strategies. This approach is particularly relevant for the fin whale in the Mediterranean, which hosts a genetically isolated resident population that has historically been subjected to intense anthropogenic pressures, making it a priority for species conservation efforts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27870