Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal, which is the ability to generate identical daughter cells while maintaining their undifferentiated state, and differentiation potential, which allows them to give rise to various cell types. In particular, pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all cell types derived from the three embryonic germ layers. For a long time, cellular differentiation was considered an irreversible process; however, in 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka demonstrated that murine somatic cells could be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through the expression of four transcription factors — OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC — collectively known as the Yamanaka factors (OSKM). This discovery revolutionized stem cell biology and opened new perspectives for regenerative medicine. In recent years, numerous studies have evaluated the effects of partial reprogramming both in vitro, primarily on human fibroblasts, and in vivo, in elderly murine models or those affected by progeria. The results have highlighted an improvement in several molecular markers of aging, a reduction in epigenetic age, increased tissue regenerative capacity, and, in some models, an increase in the health and survival of the organism. Despite these promising results, partial reprogramming remains an experimental strategy: further studies are still needed to define its long-term efficacy, optimize delivery protocols, and clarify potential adverse effects, including oncogenic risk and the consequences of a potential loss of cellular identity. Nevertheless, these discoveries open the door to important future medical applications, such as the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, autologous cell therapies, and a general increase in life expectancy.
Le cellule staminali sono caratterizzate da due proprietà fondamentali: l'autorinnovamento, ovvero la capacità di generare cellule figlie identiche mantenendo il proprio stato indifferenziato, e la potenza differenziativa, che consente loro di dare origine a diversi tipi cellulari. In particolare, le cellule staminali pluripotenti possono differenziarsi in tutti i tipi cellulari derivati dai tre foglietti embrionali. Per lungo tempo si è ritenuto che il differenziamento cellulare fosse un processo irreversibile; tuttavia, nel 2006 Takahashi e Yamanaka hanno dimostrato che cellule somatiche murine possono essere riprogrammate in cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSC) mediante l'espressione di quattro fattori di trascrizione — OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 e c- MYC — noti collettivamente come fattori di Yamanaka (OSKM). Questa scoperta ha rivoluzionato la biologia delle cellule staminali e ha aperto nuove prospettive per la medicina rigenerativa Negli ultimi anni numerosi studi hanno valutato gli effetti della riprogrammazione parziale sia in vitro, principalmente su fibroblasti umani, sia in vivo, in modelli murini anziani o affetti da progeria. I risultati hanno evidenziato un miglioramento di diversi marcatori molecolari dell'invecchiamento, una riduzione dell'età epigenetica, una maggiore capacità rigenerativa dei tessuti e, in alcuni modelli, un incremento della salute e della sopravvivenza dell'organismo. Nonostante questi risultati promettenti, la riprogrammazione parziale rimane una strategia sperimentale: sono ancora necessari ulteriori studi per definirne l'efficacia a lungo termine, ottimizzare i protocolli di somministrazione e chiarire i potenziali effetti avversi, inclusi il rischio oncogenico e le conseguenze di un'eventuale perdita dell'identità cellulare. Queste scoperte tuttavia aprono le porte a importanti future applicazioni mediche quali il trattamento delle malattie neurodegenerative, terapie cellulari autologhe e un generale aumento della aspettativa di vita.
Riprogrammazione cellulare attraverso la pluripotenza indotta
JUPE, FLORJAN
2025/2026
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal, which is the ability to generate identical daughter cells while maintaining their undifferentiated state, and differentiation potential, which allows them to give rise to various cell types. In particular, pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all cell types derived from the three embryonic germ layers. For a long time, cellular differentiation was considered an irreversible process; however, in 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka demonstrated that murine somatic cells could be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through the expression of four transcription factors — OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC — collectively known as the Yamanaka factors (OSKM). This discovery revolutionized stem cell biology and opened new perspectives for regenerative medicine. In recent years, numerous studies have evaluated the effects of partial reprogramming both in vitro, primarily on human fibroblasts, and in vivo, in elderly murine models or those affected by progeria. The results have highlighted an improvement in several molecular markers of aging, a reduction in epigenetic age, increased tissue regenerative capacity, and, in some models, an increase in the health and survival of the organism. Despite these promising results, partial reprogramming remains an experimental strategy: further studies are still needed to define its long-term efficacy, optimize delivery protocols, and clarify potential adverse effects, including oncogenic risk and the consequences of a potential loss of cellular identity. Nevertheless, these discoveries open the door to important future medical applications, such as the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, autologous cell therapies, and a general increase in life expectancy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/27905