Recent technological developments and the evolution towards the Industry 5.0 paradigm have made the worker increasingly central to production systems. This has given rise to the need to develop reliable tools for the detection of work-related stress. In this context, the present work proposes an overview of the main methodologies currently employed for stress measurement, analysing and comparing subjective approaches, based on psychometric questionnaires, and objective approaches, based on ergonomic methodologies and the use of specific physiological sensors. Work-related stress is introduced together with a general overview of the regulatory context, before moving on to the state of the art. The most relevant subjective instruments proposed in the literature are examined in depth, such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) alongside its RAW version, and the Management Standards Indicator Tool in its Italian adaptation. Subsequently, moving to objective methods, the most widely used observational and ergonomic indicators are defined, namely OWAS, REBA and RULA, together with the sensor-based technologies that broaden the overall picture by monitoring the parameters most sensitive to the physiological variations induced by stress. These sensors include those related to cardiac activity, electrodermal activity, respiration and pupillometry. The subsequent comparative analysis aims to assess how these different approaches, applied in real-world contexts, measure an individual's stress. Questionnaires allow the subjective perception and organisational factors influencing worker well-being to be captured, observational indicators provide information from a biomechanical load perspective, while sensors provide objective measures of the body's physiological responses, although their reliability proves to be strongly dependent on the application context and signal acquisition conditions. These comparisons show that the different methods can coexist by integrating information from subjective and objective instruments, through multimodal systems capable of combining physiological data with ergonomic observations and psychometric assessments. This integration represents a strategic perspective for the development of intelligent, sustainable work environments genuinely oriented towards individual well-being, in line with the principles of Industry 5.0.
I recenti sviluppi tecnologici e l’evoluzione verso il paradigma dell’Industria 5.0 hanno portato a rendere il lavoratore sempre più centrale nei sistemi produttivi. Nasce quindi l’esigenza dello sviluppo di strumenti affidabili per il rilevamento dello stress lavoro- correlato. In tale contesto, il presente elaborato propone una visione su quelle che sono le principali metodologie impiegabili ad oggi per la misurazione dello stress, andando ad analizzare e confrontare approcci soggettivi, basati su questionari psicometrici e approcci oggettivi, che si fondano su metodologie di natura ergonomica e sull’utilizzo di specifici sensori fisiologici. Viene introdotto lo stress lavoro-correlato e una visione generale del contesto normativo, per poi passare allo stato dell’arte. Sono approfonditi i più rilevanti strumenti soggettivi proposti dalla letteratura, come la Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), il NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) affiancato dalla versione RAW e il Management Standards Indicator Tool nella versione italiana. In seguito, con il passaggio ai metodi oggettivi, vengono definiti gli indicatori osservazionali ed ergonomici di maggiore diffusione quali: OWAS, REBA e RULA e le tecnologie sensoristiche che ampliano il quadro generale, monitorando i parametri più sensibili alle variazioni fisiologiche indotte dallo stress. Tra questi sensori rientrano quelli riguardanti l’attività cardiaca, l’attività elettrodermica, la respirazione e la pupillometria. La successiva analisi comparativa ha lo scopo di valutare come questi diversi approcci, applicati in contesti reali, misurano lo stress dell’individuo. I questionari consentono di rilevare la percezione soggettiva e i fattori organizzativi che influenzano il benessere del lavoratore, gli indicatori osservazionali danno informazioni dal punto di vista del carico biomeccanico, mentre i sensori forniscono misure oggettive delle risposte fisiologiche dell’organismo, sebbene la loro affidabilità risulti fortemente dipendente dal contesto applicativo e dalle condizioni di acquisizione dei segnali. Da questi confronti emerge che i diversi metodi possono coesistere integrando le informazioni provenienti da strumenti soggettivi e oggettivi, attraverso sistemi multimodali capaci di mettere in combinazione quelli che sono dati fisiologici con osservazioni ergonomiche e valutazioni psicometriche. Tale integrazione rappresenta una prospettiva strategica per lo sviluppo di ambienti di lavoro intelligenti, sostenibili e realmente orientati al benessere della persona, in linea con i principi dell’Industria 5.0.
STUDIO DI SENSORI PER LA MISURA DELLO STRESS NEI LAVORATORI: ANALISI COMPARATIVA DI METODI SOGGETTIVI E OGGETTIVI
D'ANGELO, ROBERTO
2025/2026
Abstract
Recent technological developments and the evolution towards the Industry 5.0 paradigm have made the worker increasingly central to production systems. This has given rise to the need to develop reliable tools for the detection of work-related stress. In this context, the present work proposes an overview of the main methodologies currently employed for stress measurement, analysing and comparing subjective approaches, based on psychometric questionnaires, and objective approaches, based on ergonomic methodologies and the use of specific physiological sensors. Work-related stress is introduced together with a general overview of the regulatory context, before moving on to the state of the art. The most relevant subjective instruments proposed in the literature are examined in depth, such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) alongside its RAW version, and the Management Standards Indicator Tool in its Italian adaptation. Subsequently, moving to objective methods, the most widely used observational and ergonomic indicators are defined, namely OWAS, REBA and RULA, together with the sensor-based technologies that broaden the overall picture by monitoring the parameters most sensitive to the physiological variations induced by stress. These sensors include those related to cardiac activity, electrodermal activity, respiration and pupillometry. The subsequent comparative analysis aims to assess how these different approaches, applied in real-world contexts, measure an individual's stress. Questionnaires allow the subjective perception and organisational factors influencing worker well-being to be captured, observational indicators provide information from a biomechanical load perspective, while sensors provide objective measures of the body's physiological responses, although their reliability proves to be strongly dependent on the application context and signal acquisition conditions. These comparisons show that the different methods can coexist by integrating information from subjective and objective instruments, through multimodal systems capable of combining physiological data with ergonomic observations and psychometric assessments. This integration represents a strategic perspective for the development of intelligent, sustainable work environments genuinely oriented towards individual well-being, in line with the principles of Industry 5.0.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI Roberto D'Angelo UNIVPM dipartimento di Ing. Gestionale (2).pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/28088