The aim of this thesis was to evaluate, also through the use of proximal and remote sensing techniques, the effects of soil management (conventional tillage vs. no-tillage) and nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N/ha) on the main yield-related variables of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf. cv. Tirex), within a maize-based crop rotation in a hilly environment of the Marche region, Italy. Throughout the trial, SPAD measurements and the NDVI vegetation index showed a substantially similar trend, indicating a better nutritional status of the crop under no-tillage management compared with conventional tillage. Both methods proved highly useful for the rapid and non-destructive monitoring of the vegetative and nutritional status of durum wheat, with NDVI showing greater reliability in distinguishing differences between the two soil management systems. However, the behaviour of the yield components was not fully consistent with the patterns observed through proximal and remote sensing techniques, highlighting their limitations in predicting final yield. Mean yield was significantly higher under conventional tillage than under no-tillage in a growing season characterized by particularly adverse temperature and precipitation conditions. In particular, the absence of rainfall during the grain-filling stage, combined with temperatures consistently above historical averages, contributed, together with competition from weeds, to the reduction in yield and to a lower number of spikes per unit area under no-tillage. Overall, the results confirm the potential of SPAD and NDVI as rapid, non-destructive, and reliable tools for monitoring the nutritional status of the crop, but also highlight that their use is not sufficient for an exhaustive prediction of yield, particularly under unfavourable temperature and precipitation conditions such as those observed in this study. Future research should therefore integrate these techniques with additional remote sensing tools, such as thermal cameras, in order to further investigate the relationship between crop canopy temperature dynamics and yield components.
La presente tesi ha avuto l'obiettivo di valutare, anche attraverso il ricorso a tecniche di proximal e remote sensing, l'effetto della gestione del suolo (convenzionale vs sodo) e della fertilizzazione azotata (0, 90 e 180 kg N/ha) sulle variabili produttive del frumento duro (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf. cv. Tirex), nell'ambito di una rotazione con il mais, in ambiente collinare marchigiano. Nel corso della prova, le letture SPAD e l’indice di vegetazione NDVI hanno evidenziato un andamento sostanzialmente simile, indicando un migliore stato nutrizionale della coltura nella gestione conservativa (sodo) rispetto a quella tradizionale. Entrambi gli strumenti hanno pertanto mostrato un’elevata utilità nel monitoraggio rapido e non distruttivo dello stato vegetativo e nutrizionale del frumento duro, con l’NDVI che ha evidenziato una maggiore affidabilità nel discriminare le differenze tra le due modalità di gestione del suolo. Tuttavia, il comportamento delle componenti della resa non è risultato pienamente coerente con quanto osservato attraverso le tecniche di proximal e remote sensing, evidenziandone i limiti nella previsione della produzione finale. Le rese hanno mostrato una produzione media significativamente superiore nella gestione tradizionale rispetto al sodo, in un’annata caratterizzata da condizioni termo-pluviometriche particolarmente ostili. In particolare, l’assenza di precipitazioni durante la fase di granigione, associata a temperature superiori rispetto ai valori storici, ha contribuito, insieme alla competizione esercitata dalla flora infestante, alla riduzione delle rese e a una minore differenziazione delle spighe per unità di superficie nel sodo. Nel complesso, i risultati confermano il potenziale di SPAD e NDVI come strumenti rapidi, non distruttivi e affidabili per il monitoraggio dello stato nutrizionale della coltura, ma evidenziano come il loro impiego non sia sufficiente per una previsione esaustiva delle rese, soprattutto in presenza di un andamento termo-pluviometrico sfavorevole, come quello riscontrato nella presente tesi. Le future prospettive dovranno pertanto integrare tali tecniche con ulteriori strumenti di telerilevamento, quali le termocamere, al fine di approfondire il rapporto tra andamento termico della copertura vegetale e componenti della resa.
OPPORTUNITÀ E LIMITI DEL REMOTE E PROXIMAL SENSING IN AMBITO CEREALICOLO CONSERVATIVO
CUCCHI, ANDREA
2025/2026
Abstract
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate, also through the use of proximal and remote sensing techniques, the effects of soil management (conventional tillage vs. no-tillage) and nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N/ha) on the main yield-related variables of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum Desf. cv. Tirex), within a maize-based crop rotation in a hilly environment of the Marche region, Italy. Throughout the trial, SPAD measurements and the NDVI vegetation index showed a substantially similar trend, indicating a better nutritional status of the crop under no-tillage management compared with conventional tillage. Both methods proved highly useful for the rapid and non-destructive monitoring of the vegetative and nutritional status of durum wheat, with NDVI showing greater reliability in distinguishing differences between the two soil management systems. However, the behaviour of the yield components was not fully consistent with the patterns observed through proximal and remote sensing techniques, highlighting their limitations in predicting final yield. Mean yield was significantly higher under conventional tillage than under no-tillage in a growing season characterized by particularly adverse temperature and precipitation conditions. In particular, the absence of rainfall during the grain-filling stage, combined with temperatures consistently above historical averages, contributed, together with competition from weeds, to the reduction in yield and to a lower number of spikes per unit area under no-tillage. Overall, the results confirm the potential of SPAD and NDVI as rapid, non-destructive, and reliable tools for monitoring the nutritional status of the crop, but also highlight that their use is not sufficient for an exhaustive prediction of yield, particularly under unfavourable temperature and precipitation conditions such as those observed in this study. Future research should therefore integrate these techniques with additional remote sensing tools, such as thermal cameras, in order to further investigate the relationship between crop canopy temperature dynamics and yield components.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/28585