This work aims to analyze, through the lens of contract theory, the problem of incentives in the employment relationship between employer and employee, with particular attention to the case in which multiple agents operate jointly within the same production process. The starting point is the principal-agent model, a conceptual tool that makes it possible to formalize the difficulties that arise when the worker's effort cannot be directly observed by the employer (moral hazard), or when the employer lacks complete information about the worker's characteristics at the time of hiring (adverse selection). In both cases, the impossibility of writing a complete contract forces the parties to accept second-best solutions, a compromise in which compensation must balance the need to motivate effort with that of providing adequate protection against risk. The first chapter presents the general theoretical framework, distinguishing between the different forms of information asymmetry and introducing the incentive-insurance trade-off that runs through the entire work; the second chapter examines these conceptual principles through an empirical setting of particular interest: professional sports. Rarely in other labor markets is it possible to observe individual performance, compensation packages, and workers' entire career paths with comparable precision. This availability of data makes it possible to subject theoretical predictions—which would otherwise be difficult to test in ordinary labor market settings—to empirical verification. The chapter shows, however, that even in an environment rich in individual statistics, the problem of moral hazard in teams does not disappear but shifts from the level of monitoring to that of measurement. The role of guaranteed contracts as an insurance mechanism and its implications in terms of moral hazard are also discussed, along with the "contract year effect," which offers direct evidence of how the approach of contract expiration reactivates an athlete's extrinsic motivation. The third chapter narrows the focus to the NBA, the sporting context in which bargaining power between the parties is most balanced, and therefore the most suitable setting for observing how closely a real contractual system can approximate the second-best solution outlined in the first chapter. The analysis reviews the main rules of the NBA system and the mechanisms through which the league has attempted to align the interests of franchises with those of players, showing how these tools address, in a concrete setting, the same problems of information asymmetry discussed in the abstract in the first chapter and observed empirically in the second. The chapter concludes by examining a specific case, the phenomenon of tanking, which shows how a mechanism designed to solve a problem of information asymmetry can generate a new incentive problem.
Il presente lavoro si propone di analizzare, attraverso la teoria dei contratti, il problema degli incentivi nella relazione di lavoro tra datore di lavoro e lavoratore, con particolare attenzione al caso in cui più agenti operano congiuntamente all'interno di un medesimo processo produttivo. Il punto di partenza è il modello principale-agente, strumento concettuale che permette di formalizzare le difficoltà che sorgono quando l'impegno del lavoratore non può essere osservato direttamente dal datore di lavoro (moral hazard), oppure quando quest'ultimo non dispone di informazioni complete sulle caratteristiche del lavoratore al momento dell'assunzione (selezione avversa). In entrambi i casi, l'impossibilità di scrivere un contratto completo costringe le parti ad accettare soluzioni di second best, un compromesso nel quale il compenso deve bilanciare l'esigenza di motivare lo sforzo con quella di offrire una protezione adeguata contro il rischio. Il primo capitolo espone l'impianto teorico generale, distinguendo le diverse forme di asimmetria informativa e introducendo il trade-off tra incentivo e assicurazione che attraversa l'intero lavoro, il secondo capitolo analizza questi principi concettuali attraverso un ambito empirico di particolare interesse: lo sport professionistico. Raramente in altri mercati del lavoro è possibile osservare con altrettanta precisione le prestazioni individuali, i pacchetti retributivi e l'intero percorso di carriera dei lavoratori. Questa disponibilità di dati consente di sottoporre a verifica empirica previsioni teoriche che, in contesti lavorativi ordinari, resterebbero difficilmente controllabili. Il capitolo mostra tuttavia come, anche in un ambiente ricco di statistiche individuali, il problema dell'azzardo morale in team non scompaia ma si sposti dal piano del monitoraggio a quello della misurazione. Vengono inoltre discussi il ruolo dei contratti garantiti come meccanismo assicurativo e le sue implicazioni in termini di moral hazard, nonché il "contract year effect", che offre una verifica diretta di come la vicinanza alla scadenza contrattuale riattivi la motivazione estrinseca dell'atleta. Il terzo capitolo restringe il campo di osservazione alla NBA, il contesto sportivo in cui il potere contrattuale tra le parti risulta più equilibrato, e dunque il terreno più adatto per osservare quanto un sistema di contratti reale riesca ad avvicinarsi alla soluzione di second-best delineata nel primo capitolo. L'analisi ripercorre le principali regole del sistema NBA e i meccanismi con cui la lega ha provato ad allineare gli interessi delle franchigie a quelli dei giocatori, mostrando come questi strumenti affrontino, in un contesto concreto, gli stessi problemi di asimmetria informativa discussi in astratto nel primo capitolo e osservati empiricamente nel secondo. Il capitolo si sofferma infine su un caso particolare, il fenomeno del tanking, che mostra come un meccanismo pensato per risolvere un problema di asimmetria informativa possa generare un nuovo problema di incentivi.
La teoria dei contratti ottimi applicata allo sport professionistico
MIGLIARINI, RICCARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
This work aims to analyze, through the lens of contract theory, the problem of incentives in the employment relationship between employer and employee, with particular attention to the case in which multiple agents operate jointly within the same production process. The starting point is the principal-agent model, a conceptual tool that makes it possible to formalize the difficulties that arise when the worker's effort cannot be directly observed by the employer (moral hazard), or when the employer lacks complete information about the worker's characteristics at the time of hiring (adverse selection). In both cases, the impossibility of writing a complete contract forces the parties to accept second-best solutions, a compromise in which compensation must balance the need to motivate effort with that of providing adequate protection against risk. The first chapter presents the general theoretical framework, distinguishing between the different forms of information asymmetry and introducing the incentive-insurance trade-off that runs through the entire work; the second chapter examines these conceptual principles through an empirical setting of particular interest: professional sports. Rarely in other labor markets is it possible to observe individual performance, compensation packages, and workers' entire career paths with comparable precision. This availability of data makes it possible to subject theoretical predictions—which would otherwise be difficult to test in ordinary labor market settings—to empirical verification. The chapter shows, however, that even in an environment rich in individual statistics, the problem of moral hazard in teams does not disappear but shifts from the level of monitoring to that of measurement. The role of guaranteed contracts as an insurance mechanism and its implications in terms of moral hazard are also discussed, along with the "contract year effect," which offers direct evidence of how the approach of contract expiration reactivates an athlete's extrinsic motivation. The third chapter narrows the focus to the NBA, the sporting context in which bargaining power between the parties is most balanced, and therefore the most suitable setting for observing how closely a real contractual system can approximate the second-best solution outlined in the first chapter. The analysis reviews the main rules of the NBA system and the mechanisms through which the league has attempted to align the interests of franchises with those of players, showing how these tools address, in a concrete setting, the same problems of information asymmetry discussed in the abstract in the first chapter and observed empirically in the second. The chapter concludes by examining a specific case, the phenomenon of tanking, which shows how a mechanism designed to solve a problem of information asymmetry can generate a new incentive problem.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/28832