This thesis examines the phenomenon of immigration in Italy, moving beyond its reduction to a mere public debate centred on costs and security. Through a historical, social and economic analysis, the work shows that immigration is a long-standing process, whose origins date back to the post-colonial flows of the second post-war period (Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia) and which consolidated between 1968 and 1972 in the case of Mazara del Vallo, taken as a case study of a territorial settlement model. The first chapter reconstructs the historical evolution of migration flows and demographic dynamics, showing how, from the 1990s onward, immigration compensated for the negative natural balance of the Italian population, and traces the events of employment precariousness and social mobilisation — from the Villa Literno case to the Martelli Law — that led to the first regulatory interventions. The second chapter examines the integration of foreign labour into the Italian labour market, highlighting territorial differences, conditions of precariousness and seasonality, and the evolution of the legislative framework on foreign labour. The third chapter addresses the more recent economic and financial dimension: the net positive contribution of foreign workers to the State budget (1.2 billion euros in 2023), the impact of the 2008-2014 crisis on foreign employment and the growth of immigrant entrepreneurship in the same period, up to the phenomenon of brain waste, that is, the underutilisation of the skills of the most qualified foreign workers. The thesis proposes a reading of immigration as a structural resource — demographic, occupational, fiscal and intellectual — for the country's present and future.
La tesi analizza il fenomeno dell'immigrazione in Italia superando la sua riduzione a mero dibattito pubblico sui costi e sulla sicurezza. Il lavoro, tramite un'analisi storica, sociale ed economica dimostra come l'immigrazione sia un processo di lunga durata, le cui origini risalgono ai flussi post-coloniali del secondo dopoguerra (Eritrea, Somalia, Etiopia) e che si consolida tra il 1968 e il 1972 nel caso di Mazara del Vallo, assunto come caso di studio di un modello di insediamento territoriale. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce l'evoluzione storica dei flussi e le dinamiche demografiche, mostrando come l'immigrazione abbia compensato, dagli anni Novanta, il saldo naturale negativo della popolazione italiana, e ricostruisce le vicende di precarietà occupazionale e mobilitazione sociale — dal caso di Villa Literno alla legge Martelli — che portarono ai primi interventi normativi. Il secondo capitolo esamina l'inserimento della manodopera straniera nel mercato del lavoro italiano, evidenziandone le differenze territoriali, le condizioni di precarietà e stagionalità, e l'evoluzione del quadro legislativo in materia di lavoro straniero. Il terzo capitolo affronta la dimensione economico-finanziaria più recente: il contributo netto positivo dei lavoratori stranieri al bilancio dello Stato (1,2 miliardi di euro nel 2023), l'impatto della crisi del 2008-2014 sull'occupazione straniera e la crescita imprenditoriale nello stesso periodo, fino al fenomeno del brain waste, ovvero la sottoutilizzazione delle competenze dei lavoratori più qualificati. La tesi propone una lettura dell'immigrazione come risorsa strutturale — demografica, lavorativa, fiscale e intellettuale — per il presente e per il futuro del paese.
L'IMMIGRAZIONE IN ITALIA. STORIA, SOCIETA', LAVORO
SGAIER, SARRA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the phenomenon of immigration in Italy, moving beyond its reduction to a mere public debate centred on costs and security. Through a historical, social and economic analysis, the work shows that immigration is a long-standing process, whose origins date back to the post-colonial flows of the second post-war period (Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia) and which consolidated between 1968 and 1972 in the case of Mazara del Vallo, taken as a case study of a territorial settlement model. The first chapter reconstructs the historical evolution of migration flows and demographic dynamics, showing how, from the 1990s onward, immigration compensated for the negative natural balance of the Italian population, and traces the events of employment precariousness and social mobilisation — from the Villa Literno case to the Martelli Law — that led to the first regulatory interventions. The second chapter examines the integration of foreign labour into the Italian labour market, highlighting territorial differences, conditions of precariousness and seasonality, and the evolution of the legislative framework on foreign labour. The third chapter addresses the more recent economic and financial dimension: the net positive contribution of foreign workers to the State budget (1.2 billion euros in 2023), the impact of the 2008-2014 crisis on foreign employment and the growth of immigrant entrepreneurship in the same period, up to the phenomenon of brain waste, that is, the underutilisation of the skills of the most qualified foreign workers. The thesis proposes a reading of immigration as a structural resource — demographic, occupational, fiscal and intellectual — for the country's present and future.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/28887