Ubiquitination is a fundamental process for maintaining cellular proteostasis and occurs mainly through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this process, proteins are tagged with ubiquitin through the action of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and can subsequently be recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) contribute to the regulation of this process by removing ubiquitin chains from target proteins. Dysregulation of UPS function can promote the accumulation of misfolded proteins and contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is characterized by the accumulation of pathological proteins, such as mutant SOD1 and TDP-43, which can form aggregates. UPS activity is analyzed in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS using the Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP reporter. Under normal conditions, the reporter protein is degraded by the proteasome; therefore, its accumulation results in an increase in GFP signal and is indicative of reduced proteasomal degradation activity. The functionality of the system is validated using MG132, a proteasome inhibitor that causes an increase in GFP signal in motor neurons, confirming that reporter accumulation reflects reduced proteasomal degradation. In the SOD1G93A model, accumulation of the Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP reporter is particularly evident during the symptomatic and terminal stages of the disease and affects a subpopulation of ventral horn motor neurons characterized by pathological alterations. In contrast, no evident accumulation of the reporter is observed during the presymptomatic stage. The reporter signal increases approximately 1.2-fold compared with controls, but this difference does not reach statistical significance (P = 0.058). Reporter mRNA levels are not increased, suggesting that the increase in GFP is mainly due to reduced protein degradation rather than increased reporter expression. Furthermore, during disease progression, changes in proteasome composition are observed: several subunits of the constitutive 20S proteasome and POMP progressively decrease. Conversely, a progressive increase in immunoproteasome components is observed, with an increase in the LMP7 subunit already during the presymptomatic stage and in the LMP10 subunit during the symptomatic stage. These changes affect both motor neurons and glial cells and are associated with increased levels of TNFα, GFAP, and CD68, markers associated with neuroinflammation, astrocyte activation, and microglial activation, respectively. The results highlight a progressive alteration in the composition and degradative capacity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system during ALS progression. The reduction in constitutive proteasome components and the concomitant increase in immunoproteasome components are associated with a state of neuroinflammation and impaired proteostasis. The accumulation of the Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP reporter during the later stages of the disease suggests that impaired proteasomal degradation may contribute to disease progression in SOD1G93A motor neurons.
L’ubiquitinazione è un processo fondamentale per il mantenimento della proteostasi cellulare e avviene principalmente attraverso il sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma (UPS). In questo processo, le proteine vengono marcate con ubiquitina attraverso l’azione degli enzimi E1, E2 ed E3 e possono successivamente essere riconosciute e degradate dal proteasoma 26S. Le deubiquitinasi (DUB) contribuiscono alla regolazione del processo rimuovendo le catene di ubiquitina dalle proteine bersaglio. Un’alterazione della funzionalità dell’UPS può favorire l’accumulo di proteine mal ripiegate e contribuire alla patogenesi di diverse malattie neurodegenerative, tra cui la sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA), caratterizzata dall’accumulo di proteine patologiche, come SOD1 mutata e TDP-43, che possono formare aggregati. L’attività dell’UPS viene analizzata nel modello murino di SLA SOD1G93A utilizzando il reporter Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP. Normalmente, la proteina reporter viene degradata dal proteasoma; pertanto, il suo accumulo determina un aumento del segnale GFP ed è indicativo di una ridotta attività degradativa proteasomica. Il funzionamento del sistema viene validato mediante MG132, un inibitore del proteasoma che provoca un aumento del segnale GFP nei motoneuroni, confermando che l’accumulo del reporter riflette una ridotta degradazione proteasomica. Nel modello SOD1G93A, l’accumulo del reporter Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP è evidente soprattutto nelle fasi sintomatica e terminale della malattia e interessa una sottopopolazione di motoneuroni del corno ventrale caratterizzati da alterazioni patologiche. Al contrario, nella fase presintomatica non viene osservato un accumulo evidente del reporter. Il segnale del reporter aumenta di circa 1,2 volte rispetto ai controlli, ma la differenza non raggiunge la significatività statistica (P=0,058). I livelli di mRNA del reporter non risultano aumentati, suggerendo che l’incremento della GFP sia dovuto principalmente a una ridotta degradazione della proteina piuttosto che a un aumento della sua espressione. Inoltre, durante la progressione della malattia, vengono osservate modificazioni nella composizione del proteasoma: diverse subunità del proteasoma costitutivo 20S e POMP diminuiscono progressivamente. Al contrario, si osserva un progressivo aumento delle componenti dell’immunoproteasoma, con un incremento della subunità LMP7 già nella fase presintomatica e della subunità LMP10 nella fase sintomatica. Queste modificazioni interessano sia i motoneuroni sia le cellule gliali e si associano a un aumento di TNFα, GFAP e CD68, marcatori rispettivamente correlati alla neuroinfiammazione, all’attivazione astrocitaria e all’attivazione microgliale. I risultati evidenziano una progressiva alterazione della composizione e della capacità degradativa del sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma durante la progressione della SLA. In particolare, la riduzione di componenti del proteasoma costitutivo e il contemporaneo aumento delle componenti dell’immunoproteasoma si associano a un quadro di neuroinfiammazione e di alterazione della proteostasi. L’accumulo del reporter Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ GFP nelle fasi più avanzate della malattia suggerisce che una compromissione della degradazione proteasomica possa contribuire alla progressione della patologia nei motoneuroni SOD1G93A.
UBIQUITINAZIONE NEL SISTEMA NERVOSO: DAI PROCESSI MOLECOLARI ALLE IMPLICAZIONI NELLE MALATTIE
PULSINELLI, LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a fundamental process for maintaining cellular proteostasis and occurs mainly through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this process, proteins are tagged with ubiquitin through the action of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and can subsequently be recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) contribute to the regulation of this process by removing ubiquitin chains from target proteins. Dysregulation of UPS function can promote the accumulation of misfolded proteins and contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is characterized by the accumulation of pathological proteins, such as mutant SOD1 and TDP-43, which can form aggregates. UPS activity is analyzed in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS using the Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP reporter. Under normal conditions, the reporter protein is degraded by the proteasome; therefore, its accumulation results in an increase in GFP signal and is indicative of reduced proteasomal degradation activity. The functionality of the system is validated using MG132, a proteasome inhibitor that causes an increase in GFP signal in motor neurons, confirming that reporter accumulation reflects reduced proteasomal degradation. In the SOD1G93A model, accumulation of the Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP reporter is particularly evident during the symptomatic and terminal stages of the disease and affects a subpopulation of ventral horn motor neurons characterized by pathological alterations. In contrast, no evident accumulation of the reporter is observed during the presymptomatic stage. The reporter signal increases approximately 1.2-fold compared with controls, but this difference does not reach statistical significance (P = 0.058). Reporter mRNA levels are not increased, suggesting that the increase in GFP is mainly due to reduced protein degradation rather than increased reporter expression. Furthermore, during disease progression, changes in proteasome composition are observed: several subunits of the constitutive 20S proteasome and POMP progressively decrease. Conversely, a progressive increase in immunoproteasome components is observed, with an increase in the LMP7 subunit already during the presymptomatic stage and in the LMP10 subunit during the symptomatic stage. These changes affect both motor neurons and glial cells and are associated with increased levels of TNFα, GFAP, and CD68, markers associated with neuroinflammation, astrocyte activation, and microglial activation, respectively. The results highlight a progressive alteration in the composition and degradative capacity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system during ALS progression. The reduction in constitutive proteasome components and the concomitant increase in immunoproteasome components are associated with a state of neuroinflammation and impaired proteostasis. The accumulation of the Ubᴳ⁷⁶ⱽ-GFP reporter during the later stages of the disease suggests that impaired proteasomal degradation may contribute to disease progression in SOD1G93A motor neurons.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/29066