Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen capable of colonising the gastric mucosa of around half the world’s population and is associated with various gastroduodenal diseases. During its growth, in both planktonic and biofilm phenotypes, it is capable of releasing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs are nanoscale structures derived from the microorganism’s outer membrane, involved in multiple mechanisms, including the transport of virulence factors, intercellular communication, biofilm formation and the modulation of the host’s immune response. The aim of this thesis was to isolate and characterise the OMVs produced by the international reference strain of H. pylori, ATCC 43629, and to assess the extent to which the growth phenotype and incubation time could influence the physicochemical characteristics and composition of the vesicles themselves. To this end, the vesicles produced by the planktonic phenotype (pOMVs) and the biofilm phenotype (bOMVs) at 2, 6 and 10 days of incubation were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) and proteomic analysis. The results obtained showed that the OMVs produced by both phenotypes of H. pylori, at different incubation times, exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of number, size and composition. In particular, proteomic analysis revealed that pOMVs were characterised by a more diverse and dynamic protein content, enriched in virulence factors and proteins involved in antimicrobial resistance during the early stages of growth and, in later stages, in factors involved in metabolic pathways. In contrast, the proteomic profile of bOMVs was found to be less diverse and more stable over time. Specifically, in the late stages of growth, proteins associated with iron acquisition, the modulation of the host’s immune response, and virulence mechanisms potentially involved in inflammatory and tumourigenic processes were identified. Overall, the data highlight that OMV production represents a dynamic process, influenced by the phenotype of the bacterial population and by different growth conditions. Finally, the effect of adding an antimicrobial agent on the release of OMVs over time, as well as on their physico-chemical characteristics, was evaluated. In particular, sub-inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin were used at the time of inoculation. OMVs were isolated and characterised by assessing variations in number and diameter, using the same strain and the experimental conditions previously described. The results showed that vesicle production, in both phenotypes, increases on the second day of incubation and tends to decrease at 6 and 10 days. This preliminary approach aims to assess how antimicrobial stress conditions, which do not result in the complete inhibition of bacterial growth, influence the release of vesicles. Further studies are currently underway to evaluate their protein composition.
Helicobacter pylori è un patogeno in grado di colonizzare la mucosa gastrica di circa metà della popolazione mondiale ed è associato a diverse patologie gastroduodenali. Nel corso della sua crescita, sia nel fenotipo planctonico che biofilm, è in grado di rilasciare vescicole di membrana esterna (Outer Membrane Vesicles - OMVs). Le OMVs sono strutture nanometriche derivanti dalla membrana esterna del microrganismo, coinvolte in molteplici meccanismi, tra cui: veicolazione dei fattori di virulenza, comunicazione intercellulare, formazione di biofilm e modulazione della risposta immunitaria dell’ospite. Lo scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di isolare e caratterizzare le OMVs prodotte dal ceppo di riferimento internazionale di H. pylori ATCC 43629, valutando quanto il fenotipo di crescita e il tempo di incubazione potessero influenzare le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche e la composizione delle vescicole stesse. A tal fine, le vescicole prodotte dal fenotipo planctonico (pOMVs) e dal fenotipo biofilm (bOMVs), a 2, 6 e 10 giorni di incubazione sono state caratterizzate mediante microscopia elettronica a trasmissione (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) e analisi proteomica. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che le OMVs prodotte da entrambi i fenotipi di H. pylori, nei diversi tempi di incubazione, mostravano differenti caratteristiche in termini di numero, dimensioni e composizione. In particolare, dall’analisi proteomica è emerso che le pOMVs erano caratterizzate da un contenuto proteico più diversificato e dinamico, arricchito nelle fasi iniziali di crescita in fattori di virulenza e proteine coinvolte nella resistenza antimicrobica e, nelle fasi successive in fattori coinvolti nelle vie metaboliche. Invece, il profilo proteomico delle bOMVs è risultato meno diversificato e più stabile nel tempo. Nello specifico, nelle fasi tardive di crescita sono state identificate proteine associate all’acquisizione del ferro, alla modulazione della risposta immunitaria dell’ospite e a meccanismi di virulenza potenzialmente coinvolti in processi infiammatori e tumorigenici. Complessivamente, i dati evidenziano che la produzione di OMVs rappresenta un processo dinamico, influenzato dal fenotipo della popolazione batterica e dalle differenti condizioni di crescita. Infine, è stato valutato l’effetto esercitato dall’aggiunta di un antimicrobico sul rilascio delle OMVs nel tempo così come sulle loro caratteristiche fisico-chimiche. In particolare, sono state utilizzate concentrazioni sub-inibenti di amoxicillina all’inoculo. Le OMVs sono state isolate e caratterizzate valutando le variazioni nel numero e nel diametro, utilizzando lo stesso ceppo e le condizioni sperimentali precedentemente descritte. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato che la produzione di vescicole, in entrambi i fenotipi, aumenta al secondo giorno di incubazione e tende a diminuire a 6 e 10 giorni. Tale approccio preliminare è finalizzato a valutare come le condizioni di stress antimicrobico, che non determinano la completa inibizione della crescita batterica, influenzino il rilascio delle vescicole. Ulteriori studi sono in corso per valutarne la composizione proteica.
VESCICOLE DI MEMBRANA ESTERNA (OMVS) DI HELICOBACTER PYLORI NEL TEMPO: CARATTERIZZAZIONE COMPARATIVA DEI FENOTIPI PLANCTONICO E BIOFILM
FALCONE, MARGHERITA
2025/2026
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen capable of colonising the gastric mucosa of around half the world’s population and is associated with various gastroduodenal diseases. During its growth, in both planktonic and biofilm phenotypes, it is capable of releasing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs are nanoscale structures derived from the microorganism’s outer membrane, involved in multiple mechanisms, including the transport of virulence factors, intercellular communication, biofilm formation and the modulation of the host’s immune response. The aim of this thesis was to isolate and characterise the OMVs produced by the international reference strain of H. pylori, ATCC 43629, and to assess the extent to which the growth phenotype and incubation time could influence the physicochemical characteristics and composition of the vesicles themselves. To this end, the vesicles produced by the planktonic phenotype (pOMVs) and the biofilm phenotype (bOMVs) at 2, 6 and 10 days of incubation were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) and proteomic analysis. The results obtained showed that the OMVs produced by both phenotypes of H. pylori, at different incubation times, exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of number, size and composition. In particular, proteomic analysis revealed that pOMVs were characterised by a more diverse and dynamic protein content, enriched in virulence factors and proteins involved in antimicrobial resistance during the early stages of growth and, in later stages, in factors involved in metabolic pathways. In contrast, the proteomic profile of bOMVs was found to be less diverse and more stable over time. Specifically, in the late stages of growth, proteins associated with iron acquisition, the modulation of the host’s immune response, and virulence mechanisms potentially involved in inflammatory and tumourigenic processes were identified. Overall, the data highlight that OMV production represents a dynamic process, influenced by the phenotype of the bacterial population and by different growth conditions. Finally, the effect of adding an antimicrobial agent on the release of OMVs over time, as well as on their physico-chemical characteristics, was evaluated. In particular, sub-inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin were used at the time of inoculation. OMVs were isolated and characterised by assessing variations in number and diameter, using the same strain and the experimental conditions previously described. The results showed that vesicle production, in both phenotypes, increases on the second day of incubation and tends to decrease at 6 and 10 days. This preliminary approach aims to assess how antimicrobial stress conditions, which do not result in the complete inhibition of bacterial growth, influence the release of vesicles. Further studies are currently underway to evaluate their protein composition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/29106