Since mid-November 2025, the Clinical Pathology Unit (U.O.C. di Patologia Clinica) of the Teramo Local Health Authority (ASL di Teramo) has been performing ESR1 mutation testing by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer. The analysis, performed on circulating tumor DNA, allows the identification of patients potentially eligible for treatment with oral SERDs (selective estrogen receptor degraders). ESR1 testing is particularly relevant during follow-up because, under the selective pressure of endocrine therapy, clones harboring ESR1 mutations associated with constitutive activation of the estrogen receptor and acquired endocrine resistance may emerge or expand. ESR1 gene mutations were investigated in 79 patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. Metastases, when present, were predominantly located in bone (30.4%), lymph nodes (13.9%) and liver (11.4%). Peripheral blood was collected in Cell-Free DNA BCT-CE tubes (Streck). After centrifugation, cfDNA was extracted from approximately 4 mL of plasma using the Promega Maxwell CSC Rapid ccfDNA kit, quantified with a Quantus fluorometer (Promega) and assessed for quality by capillary electrophoresis on a TapeStation system (Agilent). Libraries were prepared using the AmoyDx® HANDLE Breast Cancer NGS Panel (CE-IVD), which detects single-nucleotide variants and small insertions/deletions in five genes: AKT1, ERBB2, ESR1, PIK3CA and PTEN. With a recommended input of 30 ng of cfDNA, the panel allows the detection of variants at low allele frequency, down to a VAF of approximately 0.2%. Sequencing was performed on a MiSeqDx® instrument (Illumina), and bioinformatic data analysis was carried out with AmoyDx ANDAS Software (CE-IVD), followed by validation according to the classification criteria established in clinical trials (Bidard et al., 2025). Of the 79 patients tested, 24 (30.4%) carried ESR1 variants. Considering the main variant in each patient, the frequencies observed in the overall population were: D538G (12/79; 15.2%), followed by Y537S (6/79; 7.6%), E380Q (3/79; 3.8%), Y537N (1/79; 1.3%), Y537C (1/79; 1.3%) and one variant not among the known hotspots (1/79; 1.3%). More than one ESR1 variant was detected in 8 of the positive patients (33.3%). The variants identified were predominantly located in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the estrogen receptor. These results are consistent with the literature, which identifies D538G and Y537S/N/C among the main ESR1 hotspots associated with acquired endocrine resistance (Jeselsohn et al., 2015). Testing for these mutations by liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive and clinically useful approach that helps identify patients who are candidates for treatment with oral SERDs, thereby supporting personalized therapy. Liquid biopsy also allows repeated assessment over time of clonal evolution and of the emergence of endocrine resistance during treatment.
Dalla metà di Novembre 2025, la U.O.C. di Patologia Clinica della ASL di Teramo ha avviato la determinazione delle mutazioni di ESR1 mediante Sequenziamento di Nuova Generazione (NGS), in pazienti con carcinoma mammario metastatico o localmente avanzato HR+/HER2−. La ricerca, eseguita su DNA tumorale circolante, consente di identificare pazienti potenzialmente eleggibili al trattamento con SERD (Degradatori selettivi del recettore degli estrogeni) orali. La determinazione di ESR1 è particolarmente rilevante nel follow-up, poiché, sotto la pressione selettiva della terapia endocrina, possono emergere o espandersi cloni portatori di mutazioni di ESR1 associate ad attivazione costitutiva del recettore estrogenico e a resistenza endocrina acquisita. Sono state ricercate mutazioni del gene ESR1 in 79 pazienti con carcinoma mammario HR-positivo/HER2-negativo. Le metastasi, quando presenti, erano prevalentemente ossee (30.4%), linfonodali (13.9%) ed epatiche (11.4%). Il sangue periferico è stato raccolto in provette Cell-Free DNA BCT-CE (Streck). Dopo centrifugazione, da circa 4 mL di plasma, è stato estratto il cfDNA con il kit Promega Maxwell CSC Rapid ccfDNA, quantificato con fluorimetro Quantus (Promega) e controllato qualitativamente mediante elettroforesi capillare con TapeStation (Agilent). Le librerie sono state preparate con il kit AmoyDx® HANDLE Breast Cancer NGS Panel (CE-IVD), in grado di rilevare variazioni di singolo nucleotide e piccole ins/del in cinque geni: AKT1, ERBB2, ESR1, PIK3CA e PTEN. Con un input raccomandato di 30ng di cfDNA, il pannello consente la rilevazione di varianti a bassa frequenza allelica, fino a circa lo 0.2% di VAF. Il sequenziamento è stato effettuato su MiSeqDx® (Illumina) e l’analisi bioinformatica dei dati mediante AmoyDx ANDAS Software (CE-IVD) e successiva validazione in accordo con i criteri di classificazione stabiliti dagli studi clinici (Bidard et al, 2025). Su 79 pazienti testate, 24 (30.4%) sono risultate portatrici di varianti ESR1. Considerando la variante principale di ciascuna paziente, le frequenze riscontrate sul totale della popolazione sono state: D538G (12/79; 15.2%), seguita da Y537S (6/79; 7.6%), E380Q (3/79; 3.8%), Y537N (1/79; 1.3%), Y537C (1/79; 1.3%) e una variante non compresa tra gli hotspot noti (1/79; 1.3%). In 8 casi tra le pazienti risultate positive è stata rilevata più di una variante di ESR1 (33.3%). Le varianti identificate erano prevalentemente localizzate nel ligand-binding domain (LBD) del recettore estrogenico. I risultati ottenuti sono in linea con la letteratura, che indica D538G e Y537S/N/C tra i principali hotspot di ESR1 associati a resistenza endocrina acquisita (Jeselsohn et al, 2015). La ricerca di tali mutazioni tramite biopsia liquida rappresenta un approccio minimamente invasivo e clinicamente utile per contribuire all’identificazione delle pazienti candidabili al trattamento con SERD orali, favorendo la personalizzazione terapeutica. La biopsia liquida consente inoltre una valutazione ripetibile nel tempo dell’evoluzione clonale e dell’emergere della resistenza endocrina durante il trattamento.
IMPLEMENTAZIONE DI UN TEST NGS PER L'ANALISI DEL PROFILO MUTAZIONALE DI ESR1 MEDIANTE BIOPSIA LIQUIDA IN PAZIENTI CON CARCINOMA MAMMARIO HR-POSITIVO/HER2-NEGATIVO
MICHETTI, MARIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Since mid-November 2025, the Clinical Pathology Unit (U.O.C. di Patologia Clinica) of the Teramo Local Health Authority (ASL di Teramo) has been performing ESR1 mutation testing by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer. The analysis, performed on circulating tumor DNA, allows the identification of patients potentially eligible for treatment with oral SERDs (selective estrogen receptor degraders). ESR1 testing is particularly relevant during follow-up because, under the selective pressure of endocrine therapy, clones harboring ESR1 mutations associated with constitutive activation of the estrogen receptor and acquired endocrine resistance may emerge or expand. ESR1 gene mutations were investigated in 79 patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. Metastases, when present, were predominantly located in bone (30.4%), lymph nodes (13.9%) and liver (11.4%). Peripheral blood was collected in Cell-Free DNA BCT-CE tubes (Streck). After centrifugation, cfDNA was extracted from approximately 4 mL of plasma using the Promega Maxwell CSC Rapid ccfDNA kit, quantified with a Quantus fluorometer (Promega) and assessed for quality by capillary electrophoresis on a TapeStation system (Agilent). Libraries were prepared using the AmoyDx® HANDLE Breast Cancer NGS Panel (CE-IVD), which detects single-nucleotide variants and small insertions/deletions in five genes: AKT1, ERBB2, ESR1, PIK3CA and PTEN. With a recommended input of 30 ng of cfDNA, the panel allows the detection of variants at low allele frequency, down to a VAF of approximately 0.2%. Sequencing was performed on a MiSeqDx® instrument (Illumina), and bioinformatic data analysis was carried out with AmoyDx ANDAS Software (CE-IVD), followed by validation according to the classification criteria established in clinical trials (Bidard et al., 2025). Of the 79 patients tested, 24 (30.4%) carried ESR1 variants. Considering the main variant in each patient, the frequencies observed in the overall population were: D538G (12/79; 15.2%), followed by Y537S (6/79; 7.6%), E380Q (3/79; 3.8%), Y537N (1/79; 1.3%), Y537C (1/79; 1.3%) and one variant not among the known hotspots (1/79; 1.3%). More than one ESR1 variant was detected in 8 of the positive patients (33.3%). The variants identified were predominantly located in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the estrogen receptor. These results are consistent with the literature, which identifies D538G and Y537S/N/C among the main ESR1 hotspots associated with acquired endocrine resistance (Jeselsohn et al., 2015). Testing for these mutations by liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive and clinically useful approach that helps identify patients who are candidates for treatment with oral SERDs, thereby supporting personalized therapy. Liquid biopsy also allows repeated assessment over time of clonal evolution and of the emergence of endocrine resistance during treatment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/29109