The creation of new openings in load-bearing masonry walls reduces the stiffness and strength of the wall and requires the opening to be strengthened with a surrounding frame, which today is mostly made of steel: an effective but invasive solution, with limited compatibility with existing buildings. This work develops a strengthening frame made of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels, continuing a line of research in which its configuration had been defined through linear elastic analyses. The connections of the system were designed, from the fixed base provided by a steel plate to the connection with the masonry, and their behaviour was characterised through shear tests on timber–steel, timber–timber and timber–masonry specimens, also monitored with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The nonlinear behaviour of the frame was then investigated with four finite element models of increasing detail in the representation of the connections and of the base restraint. The tests revealed a clear hierarchy among the connections: the M16 threaded rods of the base connection were strong and ductile, carrying 37 kN per rod; the inclined screws were more deformable, with 4.3 kN per screw within 15 mm of slip; the connection to the masonry was very stiff but brittle, failing by cracking of the masonry around the anchors. The models show that the deformability of the base restraint governs the initial stiffness of the frame, which the assumption of an ideal fixed base overestimates by a factor of 2.4–3, while the nonlinear response depends on the progressive failure of the screws. The frame withstands a horizontal load of about 110 kN, higher than the 100 kN design force, but with large displacements, confirming stiffness as the most critical requirement. Finally, the work defines the laboratory test on the complete frame, a first step towards the validation of the system and the study of its interaction with the masonry.
La realizzazione di nuove aperture nelle murature portanti riduce la rigidezza e la resistenza del setto e richiede sistemi di cerchiatura, oggi realizzati prevalentemente con telai in acciaio, efficaci ma invasivi e poco compatibili con il costruito esistente. Il lavoro sviluppa una cerchiatura in pannelli X-Lam (Cross Laminated Timber), proseguendo una linea di ricerca che ne aveva definito la configurazione mediante analisi in campo elastico. Sono state progettate le connessioni del sistema, dall’incastro di base con piastra in acciaio al collegamento con la muratura, e ne è stato caratterizzato il comportamento mediante prove di taglio su provini legno–acciaio, legno–legno e legno–muratura, monitorate anche con la correlazione digitale di immagini (DIC). Il comportamento non lineare del telaio è stato quindi studiato con quattro modelli agli elementi finiti a dettaglio crescente nella rappresentazione delle connessioni e del vincolo di base. Le prove hanno evidenziato una netta gerarchia tra i collegamenti: resistenti e duttili le barre M16 del collegamento di base, con 37 kN per barra; più deformabili le viti inclinate, con 4,3 kN per vite entro 15 mm di scorrimento; molto rigido ma fragile il collegamento con la muratura, la cui crisi avviene per fessurazione della muratura attorno agli ancoraggi. I modelli mostrano che la deformabilità del vincolo di base governa la rigidezza iniziale del telaio, sovrastimata di 2,4–3 volte dall’ipotesi di incastro ideale, mentre la risposta non lineare dipende dalla crisi progressiva delle viti. Il telaio sostiene una spinta di circa 110 kN, superiore alla forza di progetto di 100 kN, ma con spostamenti rilevanti: la rigidezza si conferma il requisito più critico. Il lavoro definisce infine la prova di laboratorio sul telaio completo, primo passo verso la validazione del sistema e lo studio della sua interazione con la muratura.
Sviluppo e sperimentazione di connessioni per un Sistema innovativo di cerchiatura in X-Lam per aperture in pareti murarie portanti
LANCIONI, TIZIANO
2025/2026
Abstract
The creation of new openings in load-bearing masonry walls reduces the stiffness and strength of the wall and requires the opening to be strengthened with a surrounding frame, which today is mostly made of steel: an effective but invasive solution, with limited compatibility with existing buildings. This work develops a strengthening frame made of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels, continuing a line of research in which its configuration had been defined through linear elastic analyses. The connections of the system were designed, from the fixed base provided by a steel plate to the connection with the masonry, and their behaviour was characterised through shear tests on timber–steel, timber–timber and timber–masonry specimens, also monitored with Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The nonlinear behaviour of the frame was then investigated with four finite element models of increasing detail in the representation of the connections and of the base restraint. The tests revealed a clear hierarchy among the connections: the M16 threaded rods of the base connection were strong and ductile, carrying 37 kN per rod; the inclined screws were more deformable, with 4.3 kN per screw within 15 mm of slip; the connection to the masonry was very stiff but brittle, failing by cracking of the masonry around the anchors. The models show that the deformability of the base restraint governs the initial stiffness of the frame, which the assumption of an ideal fixed base overestimates by a factor of 2.4–3, while the nonlinear response depends on the progressive failure of the screws. The frame withstands a horizontal load of about 110 kN, higher than the 100 kN design force, but with large displacements, confirming stiffness as the most critical requirement. Finally, the work defines the laboratory test on the complete frame, a first step towards the validation of the system and the study of its interaction with the masonry.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tiziano Lancioni Tesi di Laurea ING E-A.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di laurea Tiziano Lancioni
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10.35 MB | Adobe PDF |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/29192