Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are one of the most common, debilitating injuries in football, with one of the highest rates of recurrence. The predominantly biarticular architecture of this muscle group and the high proportion of type II fibres expose it to significant mechanical stress, particularly during the terminal phase of the running stride, which requires substantial eccentric control at long muscle lengths. Despite completing standard rehabilitation programmes and subsequently returning to sporting activity, many athletes may continue to exhibit strength deficits and alterations in neuromuscular coordination patterns. In the context of amateur football, the lack of objective and standardised monitoring can significantly increase the risk of relapse. Using surface electromyography (sEMG) and dynamometry, this study investigates the presence of functional asymmetries in amateur footballers with HSI, assessed before and after a therapeutic exercise protocol. Aim: The aim is to study the protocol’s effectiveness in terms of symmetrising the instrumental parameters, with a view to reducing the risk of recurrence. Materials and Methods: The study design is a randomised controlled pilot study. Following a thorough review of the literature, an assessment and intervention protocol was developed to analyse residual neuromuscular asymmetries in subjects with a history of HSI. The study population consisted of a selected sample of four male amateur footballers with a history of indirect structural hamstring injury occurring within the previous 12 months, who had already returned to sporting activity. Subjects with other conditions affecting the lower limbs or the spine were excluded. The participants were allocated to two groups: an intervention group, which underwent a 8-week programme with three sessions per week based on progressive therapeutic exercise, eccentric strengthening and core stabilisation, and a control group, which continued exclusively with their normal club sporting activities. All participants underwent two assessment sessions: one at baseline (T0) and one at the end of the intervention protocol (T1). Surface electromyography (sEMG) was performed on the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles. Dynamometric assessment, on the other hand, was carried out in the prone position, with the knee flexion angle standardised at 90° using a digital goniometer, in order to measure peak force and calculate the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI). Results: At T0, the affected limb showed a strength deficit compared to the healthy one (mean 7.67 kg vs. 11.14 kg), with the semitendinosus tending to compensate across the various tasks assessed via s-EMG. At T2, following 8 weeks of treatment, limb symmetry increased to 84.2% (up from 65.9% at T0), and the effect size was clinically significant for eccentric (d = -0.88) and isometric (d = -1.29) tasks. In contrast, two new muscle injuries occurred in the control group. Conclusions: Although the small sample size did not yield statistical significance, the therapeutic exercise program improved muscle strength and control, reducing asymmetry and protecting against the risk of recurrence.
Background: Le lesioni da stiramento dei muscoli posteriori della coscia (HSI) rappresentano uno degli infortuni più diffusi, invalidanti e con il più alto tasso di recidiva nel calcio. L’architettura prevalentemente biarticolare di questo gruppo muscolare e l’elevata percentuale di fibre di tipo II lo espongono a forti tensioni meccaniche, in particolare durante la fase terminale di oscillazione della corsa, in cui è richiesto un massiccio controllo eccentrico a lunghezze muscolari elevate. Nonostante il completamento dei percorsi riabilitativi standard e il conseguente ritorno all’attività sportiva, molti atleti possono continuare a presentare deficit di forza e alterazioni nei pattern di coordinazione neuromuscolare. Nel contesto del calcio dilettantistico, la mancanza di monitoraggi oggettivi e standardizzati può aumentare significativamente il rischio di ricadute. Attraverso l’utilizzo dell’elettromiografia di superficie (sEMG) e della dinamometria, questo studio indaga la presenza di asimmetrie funzionali in calciatori dilettanti con HSI, valutate prima e dopo un protocollo di esercizio terapeutico. Obiettivo: L’obiettivo è studiare l’efficacia del protocollo in termini di simmetrizzazione dei parametri strumentali, al fine di ridurre il rischio di recidive. Materiali e Metodi: Il disegno dello studio si configura come uno studio pilota controllato randomizzato. A seguito di un’approfondita revisione della letteratura, è stato elaborato un protocollo di valutazione e intervento finalizzato all’analisi delle asimmetrie neuromuscolari residue in soggetti con pregressa HSI. La popolazione dello studio è composta da un campione selezionato di quattro calciatori dilettanti di sesso maschile, con anamnesi positiva per lesione indiretta strutturale degli hamstring avvenuta nei 12 mesi precedenti e già rientrati all’attività sportiva. Sono stati esclusi soggetti con altre patologie a carico degli arti inferiori o della colonna vertebrale. I partecipanti sono stati allocati in due gruppi: un gruppo di intervento, sottoposto a un programma della durata di 8 settimane con frequenza trisettimanale basato su esercizio terapeutico progressivo, rinforzo eccentrico e stabilizzazione del core, e un gruppo di controllo, che ha proseguito esclusivamente la normale attività atletica societaria. Tutti i soggetti sono stati sottoposti a due sessioni di valutazione: una iniziale (T0) e una al termine del protocollo di intervento (T1). La valutazione elettromiografica di superficie è stata condotta sui muscoli bicipite femorale e semitendinoso. La valutazione dinamometrica, invece, è stata eseguita in posizione prona, con angolo di flessione del ginocchio standardizzato a 90° mediante goniometro digitale, al fine di rilevare il picco di forza ed elaborare il Limb Symmetry Index (LSI). Risultati: A T0 l’arto affetto mostrava un deficit di forza rispetto al sano (media 7.67" kg" contro 11.14" kg" ), con il semitendinoso che tendeva a compensare nei vari task all’s-EMG. A T2, dopo 8 settimane di trattamento, la simmetria degli arti è aumentata all’84.2% (rispetto al 65.9% a T0) e l’Effect size è risultato clinicamente rilevante nei task eccentrici (d=-0.88) e isometrici (d=-1.29). Al contrario, nel gruppo di controllo si sono verificati due nuovi infortuni muscolari. Conclusioni: Nonostante il campione piccolo non abbia apportato significatività statistica, il programma di esercizio terapeutico ha migliorato la forza e il controllo muscolare, riducendo l'asimmetria e proteggendo dal rischio di recidive.
MONITORAGGIO DEGLI EFFETTI DELL’ESERCIZIO TERAPEUTICO IN PREGRESSE LESIONI AGLI HAMSTRING MEDIANTE L’UTILIZZO DI S-EMG E DINAMOMETRO, IN GIOCATORI DI CALCIO DILETTANTI
IRELLI, GIADA
2025/2026
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are one of the most common, debilitating injuries in football, with one of the highest rates of recurrence. The predominantly biarticular architecture of this muscle group and the high proportion of type II fibres expose it to significant mechanical stress, particularly during the terminal phase of the running stride, which requires substantial eccentric control at long muscle lengths. Despite completing standard rehabilitation programmes and subsequently returning to sporting activity, many athletes may continue to exhibit strength deficits and alterations in neuromuscular coordination patterns. In the context of amateur football, the lack of objective and standardised monitoring can significantly increase the risk of relapse. Using surface electromyography (sEMG) and dynamometry, this study investigates the presence of functional asymmetries in amateur footballers with HSI, assessed before and after a therapeutic exercise protocol. Aim: The aim is to study the protocol’s effectiveness in terms of symmetrising the instrumental parameters, with a view to reducing the risk of recurrence. Materials and Methods: The study design is a randomised controlled pilot study. Following a thorough review of the literature, an assessment and intervention protocol was developed to analyse residual neuromuscular asymmetries in subjects with a history of HSI. The study population consisted of a selected sample of four male amateur footballers with a history of indirect structural hamstring injury occurring within the previous 12 months, who had already returned to sporting activity. Subjects with other conditions affecting the lower limbs or the spine were excluded. The participants were allocated to two groups: an intervention group, which underwent a 8-week programme with three sessions per week based on progressive therapeutic exercise, eccentric strengthening and core stabilisation, and a control group, which continued exclusively with their normal club sporting activities. All participants underwent two assessment sessions: one at baseline (T0) and one at the end of the intervention protocol (T1). Surface electromyography (sEMG) was performed on the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles. Dynamometric assessment, on the other hand, was carried out in the prone position, with the knee flexion angle standardised at 90° using a digital goniometer, in order to measure peak force and calculate the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI). Results: At T0, the affected limb showed a strength deficit compared to the healthy one (mean 7.67 kg vs. 11.14 kg), with the semitendinosus tending to compensate across the various tasks assessed via s-EMG. At T2, following 8 weeks of treatment, limb symmetry increased to 84.2% (up from 65.9% at T0), and the effect size was clinically significant for eccentric (d = -0.88) and isometric (d = -1.29) tasks. In contrast, two new muscle injuries occurred in the control group. Conclusions: Although the small sample size did not yield statistical significance, the therapeutic exercise program improved muscle strength and control, reducing asymmetry and protecting against the risk of recurrence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi Giada Irelli S1117189 - Corso di Laurea in Fisioterapia AP - Relatore Dott. Rocco Colati
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/29926