In pediatric age, profound congenital deafness can compromise the maturation of the central auditory pathways and, consequently, the child's language development. The cochlear implant (CI) represents the gold standard device for restoring auditory input, but its effectiveness appears to be strictly linked to the "sensitive periods" of brain development. This narrative literature review aims to analyze the correlation between early cochlear implantation, the modulation of neurocortical plasticity, and the role of speech-language therapy in both enhancing communicative-linguistic skills and promoting appropriate cortical reorganization. A narrative review of the scientific literature was conducted by searching major biomedical databases, with a particular focus on PubMed. Experimental studies, reviews, cohort studies, and case reports focusing on hearing-impaired children who underwent cochlear implantation within the first years of life were included. The analysis of the literature reveals that timely CI activation (ideally within 12–24 months of age) prevents abnormal cross-modal reorganization processes (such as the dominance of the visual cortex over the auditory cortex). Furthermore, the data highlight that cochlear implant activation alone is not sufficient to foster the harmonious development of perceptual-auditory and communicative-linguistic skills. Therefore, early and personalized speech-language therapy is of paramount importance to optimize synaptic plasticity. Additionally, post-implantation neurocortical reorganization mechanisms were briefly analyzed using studies based on neuroimaging techniques and auditory evoked potentials. In conclusion, the integration of early cochlear implantation and targeted speech-language intervention seems to represent the key determining factor in maximizing the sensitive periods of the infant brain. Speech-language rehabilitation acts as a genuine "neuroplastic modulator," directing cortical reorganization toward optimal functional patterns. Keywords: Cochlear implant; Brain plasticity; Early speech-language therapy; Sensitive periods; Cortical reorganization.
In età evolutiva la sordità congenita profonda può compromettere la maturazione delle vie uditive centrali e di conseguenza lo sviluppo del linguaggio del bambino. L'impianto cocleare (IC) rappresenta, il presidio per eccellenza per il ripristino dell’input uditivo, ma la sua efficacia sembrerebbe essere legata ai "periodi sensibili" dello sviluppo cerebrale. La presente revisione narrativa della letteratura, dunque, si propone di analizzare la correlazione tra l'impianto cocleare precoce, la modulazione della plasticità neurocorticale e il ruolo dell'intervento logopedico sia per il potenziamento delle abilità comunicativo-linguistiche, che per una riorganizzazione corticale appropriata. È stata condotta una revisione narrativa della letteratura scientifica consultando le principali banche dati biomediche, in particolar modo PubMed; sono stati poi inclusi studi sperimentali, revisioni, studi di coorte e case-report focalizzati su bambini affetti da ipoacusia sottoposti a impianto cocleare entro i primi anni di vita. Dall'analisi della letteratura emerge che la tempestività dell'attivazione dell'IC (idealmente entro i 12-24 mesi di vita) previene processi di riorganizzazione cross-modale anomali (come ad esempio la dominanza della corteccia visiva su quella uditiva). I dati evidenziano inoltre come la sola attivazione dell’impianto cocleare non sia sufficiente a favorire un armonico sviluppo delle abilità percettivo-uditive e comunicativo-linguistiche e che per questo, l’intervento logopedico precoce e personalizzato risulta di fondamentale importanza per ottimizzare la plasticità sinaptica. Sono stati inoltre brevemente analizzati i meccanismi di riorganizzazione neurocorticale post-impianto mediante studi basati su tecniche di neuroimaging e potenziale evocati uditivi. In conclusione dunque, l’integrazione tra impianto cocleare precoce e presa in carico logopedica mirata sembra rappresentare il fattore determinante per la massima valorizzazione dei periodi sensibili del cervello infantile. La riabilitazione logopedica agisce come un vero e proprio "modulatore neuroplastico", indirizzando la riorganizzazione corticale verso pattern funzionali ottimali. Parole chiave: Impianto cocleare; Plasticità cerebrale; Intervento logopedico precoce; Periodi sensibili; Riorganizzazione corticale.
MODULAZIONE DELLA PLASTICITÀ CEREBRALE TRAMITE RIABILITAZIONE LOGOPEDICA NEL BAMBINO CON IMPIANTO COCLEARE: UNA REVISIONE NARRATIVA DELLA LETTERATURA
BIAGINI, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
In pediatric age, profound congenital deafness can compromise the maturation of the central auditory pathways and, consequently, the child's language development. The cochlear implant (CI) represents the gold standard device for restoring auditory input, but its effectiveness appears to be strictly linked to the "sensitive periods" of brain development. This narrative literature review aims to analyze the correlation between early cochlear implantation, the modulation of neurocortical plasticity, and the role of speech-language therapy in both enhancing communicative-linguistic skills and promoting appropriate cortical reorganization. A narrative review of the scientific literature was conducted by searching major biomedical databases, with a particular focus on PubMed. Experimental studies, reviews, cohort studies, and case reports focusing on hearing-impaired children who underwent cochlear implantation within the first years of life were included. The analysis of the literature reveals that timely CI activation (ideally within 12–24 months of age) prevents abnormal cross-modal reorganization processes (such as the dominance of the visual cortex over the auditory cortex). Furthermore, the data highlight that cochlear implant activation alone is not sufficient to foster the harmonious development of perceptual-auditory and communicative-linguistic skills. Therefore, early and personalized speech-language therapy is of paramount importance to optimize synaptic plasticity. Additionally, post-implantation neurocortical reorganization mechanisms were briefly analyzed using studies based on neuroimaging techniques and auditory evoked potentials. In conclusion, the integration of early cochlear implantation and targeted speech-language intervention seems to represent the key determining factor in maximizing the sensitive periods of the infant brain. Speech-language rehabilitation acts as a genuine "neuroplastic modulator," directing cortical reorganization toward optimal functional patterns. Keywords: Cochlear implant; Brain plasticity; Early speech-language therapy; Sensitive periods; Cortical reorganization.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/30005