Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain where it serves to regulate several important processes and, in addition, serves as a precursor to bioactive mediators. Given that the capacity of the brain to synthesize DHA locally is appreciably low, the uptake of DHA from circulating lipid pools is essential to maintaining homeostatic levels. Although, several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, recent evidence suggests non-esterified-DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA are the primary sources. The uptake of DHA into the brain appears to be regulated by a number of complementary pathways associated with the activation and metabolism of DHA, and may provide mechanisms for enrichment of DHA within the brain. Following entry into the brain, DHA is esterified into and recycled amongst membrane phospholipids contributing the distribution of DHA in brain phospholipids. During neurotransmission and following brain injury, DHA is released from membrane phospholipids and converted to bioactive mediators which regulate signaling pathways important to synaptogenesis, cell survival, and neuroinflammation, and may be relevant to treating neurological diseases. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of brain DHA metabolism, encompassing many of the pathways and key enzymatic regulators governing brain DHA uptake and metabolism. In addition, we focus on the release of non-esterified DHA and subsequent production of bioactive mediators and the evidence of their proposed activity within the brain. We also provide a brief review of the evidence from post-mortem brain analyses investigating DHA levels in the context of neurological disease and mood disorder, highlighting the current disparities within the field.
L'acido docosaesaenoico (DHA) è l'acido grasso polinsaturo n-3 più abbondante nel cervello dove serve a regolare diversi processi importanti e, inoltre, funge da precursore dei mediatori bioattivi. Dato che la capacità del cervello di sintetizzare il DHA a livello locale è notevolmente bassa, l'assorbimento di DHA proveniente dai pool lipidici circolanti è essenziale per mantenere i livelli omeostatici. Sebbene, diversi pool plasmatici sono stati proposti per fornire al cervello DHA, prove recenti suggeriscono che il DHA non esterificato e il lisofosfatidilcolina-DHA sono le fonti primarie. L'assorbimento di DHA nel cervello sembra essere regolato da una serie di vie complementari associate all'attivazione e al metabolismo di DHA e può fornire meccanismi per l'arricchimento di DHA nel cervello. Dopo l'entrata nel cervello, il DHA viene esterificato e riciclato tra i fosfolipidi di membrana contribuendo alla distribuzione di DHA nei fosfolipidi cerebrali. Durante la neurotrasmissione e in seguito a lesioni cerebrali, il DHA è rilasciato dai fosfolipidi di membrana e convertito in mediatori bioattivi che regolano la segnalazione di percorsi importanti per la sinaptogenesi, la sopravvivenza cellulare e la neuroinfiammazione e possono essere rilevanti per il trattamento di malattie neurologiche. Nella presente recensione, forniamo una panoramica completa del metabolismo del DHA cerebrale, che comprende molte delle vie e dei regolatori enzimatici chiave che governano l’assorbimento e il metabolismo del DHA cerebrale. Inoltre, ci concentriamo sul rilascio di DHA non esterificato e la successiva produzione di mediatori bioattivi e l'evidenza della loro attività all'interno del cervello. Forniamo una breve rassegna delle prove delle analisi cerebrali post mortem che indagano sui livelli di DHA nel contesto di malattia neurologica e disturbo dell'umore, evidenziando le attuali disparità all'interno del campo.
ASSORBIMENTO E METABOLISMO DELL'ACIDO DOCOSAESAENOICO NEL SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRALE
PANAIOLI, SILVIA
2019/2020
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain where it serves to regulate several important processes and, in addition, serves as a precursor to bioactive mediators. Given that the capacity of the brain to synthesize DHA locally is appreciably low, the uptake of DHA from circulating lipid pools is essential to maintaining homeostatic levels. Although, several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, recent evidence suggests non-esterified-DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA are the primary sources. The uptake of DHA into the brain appears to be regulated by a number of complementary pathways associated with the activation and metabolism of DHA, and may provide mechanisms for enrichment of DHA within the brain. Following entry into the brain, DHA is esterified into and recycled amongst membrane phospholipids contributing the distribution of DHA in brain phospholipids. During neurotransmission and following brain injury, DHA is released from membrane phospholipids and converted to bioactive mediators which regulate signaling pathways important to synaptogenesis, cell survival, and neuroinflammation, and may be relevant to treating neurological diseases. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of brain DHA metabolism, encompassing many of the pathways and key enzymatic regulators governing brain DHA uptake and metabolism. In addition, we focus on the release of non-esterified DHA and subsequent production of bioactive mediators and the evidence of their proposed activity within the brain. We also provide a brief review of the evidence from post-mortem brain analyses investigating DHA levels in the context of neurological disease and mood disorder, highlighting the current disparities within the field.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/3432