Trade relations between the United States and Mexico have always had important economic and political consequences for these two countries, particularly in terms of job creation or job losses. Interest in this business relationship also stems from another aspect. This relationship becomes in fact emblematic of any commercial link between a recently industrialized economy (such as Mexico) and a fully mature one (obviously the USA), highlighting their different roles, their respective strengths and weaknesses. The peculiarities of trade between the two countries, the pattern of trade and the real impact of the agreements will be analyzed. The most relevant one, and so the most analysed, will be NAFTA, followed by some more recent agreements of lesser impact. These have had more or less intense effects on central elements such as trade patterns, wage levels and, above all, whether offshoring (or subsequent reshoring) processes are beneficial or not, which is likely to have a direct impact on the employment rate in some areas in particular. There are multiple factors of interest and it will certainly be impossible to consider them in their entirety, I will try to explore specific realities. Among these, it is necessary to mention the so-called Mexican Maquiladoras, industrial plants generally located near the border, which, benefiting from duty-free areas, carry out continuous exchanges essentially based on the import of component parts, their assembly, and the consequent re-export to the country of origin. It is logical how such a reality is strongly affected by any agreement or law that modifies trade relations between the two countries. Finally, a component that we could define as dynamic and that will necessarily lead to an increasing reduction in employment, not only internally, but also to the detriment of the exporting country, is the increasing robotization that is taking place in the United States. These robots, mainly in certain sectors, represent an element of competition even for Mexican workers who risk competing with more efficient and less expensive machines, with direct consequences in terms of reshoring and loss of employment for a not inconsiderable number of Mexicans. Referring to the body of work, this will be divided into three chapters. There will be a preliminary presentation of the exchanges between Mexico and the USA, which will make extensive use of official data and adequate tools to interpret them. The aim is to clearly identify the relations of strength between the two countries. The main exchange agreement between the two countries, NAFTA, which entered into force in 1994 and which was a major turning point, will then be taken into consideration, and together with it more recent agreements which attempt to improve (not always succeeding) its contents. Finally, there will be two more in-depth examinations of different realities closely linked to the relations between the countries. I am referring to the maquiladoras and the automation process underway in the United States and its impact on Mexican employment. I will finally my own conclusions about the whole work in the final analysis.
I rapporti commerciali tra Stati Uniti e Messico hanno sempre determinato per questi due paesi importanti conseguenze sul piano economico nonché politico, in particolare in termini di creazione o sottrazione di posti di lavoro L’interesse circa tale relazione commerciale deriva inoltre da un altro aspetto. Tale rapporto diviene infatti emblematico di qualsiasi legame commerciale tra un’economia di recente industrializzazione (appunto come il Messico) e una pienamente matura (ovviamente gli USA), evidenziandone i differenti ruoli, i rispettivi punti di forza e debolezza. Verranno quindi analizzate le peculiarità degli scambi tra i due paesi, il pattern di commercio e la reale incidenza degli accordi. Il più rilevante, e ovviamente maggiormente analizzato, sarà il NAFTA, seguito poi qualche accordo più recente di minor impatto. Questi hanno provocato effetti più o meno intensi su elementi centrali come ragioni di scambio, livello di salari e soprattutto convenienza o meno di processi di offshoring (o conseguente reshoring), il che è in grado di incidere direttamente sul tasso di occupazione in particolare di alcune aree. I fattori di interesse sono molteplici e certamente sarà impossibile considerarli nella loro totalità, ma si cercherà di approfondire realtà specifiche. Tra queste è inevitabile citare le cosiddette Maquiladoras messicane, stabilimenti industriali generalmente collocati in prossimità del confine, che beneficiando della cosiddetta duty-free area, compiono continui scambi essenzialmente fondati sull’importazione di parti componenti, il loro assemblaggio, e la conseguente ri-esportazione verso il paese di origine. È logico come una realtà del genere risenta fortemente di qualsiasi accordo o legge che modifichi i rapporti commerciali tra i due paesi. Infine una componente che potremmo definire dinamica e che necessariamente comporterà sempre più una riduzione di occupazione, non solo interna, ma come sarà dimostrato anche a scapito del paese esportatore, è la crescente robotizzazione che si sta realizzando negli Stati Uniti. Tali robot, principalmente in alcuni settori, rappresentano infatti un elemento di concorrenza anche nei confronti di lavoratori messicani che rischiano di competere con macchine più efficienti e meno costose, con conseguenze dirette in termini di reshoring e perdita di impiego di un non trascurabile numero di messicani. Riferendoci al corpo del lavoro, questo verrà diviso in tre capitoli. Si realizzerà una preliminare presentazione degli scambi tra Messico e USA, che farà ampio uso di dati ufficiali e di adeguati strumenti per interpretarli. Lo scopo sarà quello di identificare con chiarezza i rapporti di forza tra i due paesi. Verrà quindi preso in considerazione il principale accordo di scambio realizzatosi tra i due paesi, il NAFTA, entrato in vigore nel 1994 che ha costituito un rilevante punto di svolta, e assieme ad esso verranno richiamati accordi più recenti che tentano di migliorarne (non sempre riuscendoci) i contenuti. Infine si porteranno due approfondimenti circa due differenti realtà strettamente connesse ai rapporti tra i paesi. Mi riferisco alle maquiladoras, centri di produzione e assemblaggio messicani, e al processo di automazione in corso negli Stati Uniti e il suo impatto sull’occupazione messicana Si porteranno nel finale conclusioni personali riguardo l’intero lavoro.
Messico e USA: la dinamica dei rapporti commerciali
TOMASONE, FRANCESCO
2019/2020
Abstract
Trade relations between the United States and Mexico have always had important economic and political consequences for these two countries, particularly in terms of job creation or job losses. Interest in this business relationship also stems from another aspect. This relationship becomes in fact emblematic of any commercial link between a recently industrialized economy (such as Mexico) and a fully mature one (obviously the USA), highlighting their different roles, their respective strengths and weaknesses. The peculiarities of trade between the two countries, the pattern of trade and the real impact of the agreements will be analyzed. The most relevant one, and so the most analysed, will be NAFTA, followed by some more recent agreements of lesser impact. These have had more or less intense effects on central elements such as trade patterns, wage levels and, above all, whether offshoring (or subsequent reshoring) processes are beneficial or not, which is likely to have a direct impact on the employment rate in some areas in particular. There are multiple factors of interest and it will certainly be impossible to consider them in their entirety, I will try to explore specific realities. Among these, it is necessary to mention the so-called Mexican Maquiladoras, industrial plants generally located near the border, which, benefiting from duty-free areas, carry out continuous exchanges essentially based on the import of component parts, their assembly, and the consequent re-export to the country of origin. It is logical how such a reality is strongly affected by any agreement or law that modifies trade relations between the two countries. Finally, a component that we could define as dynamic and that will necessarily lead to an increasing reduction in employment, not only internally, but also to the detriment of the exporting country, is the increasing robotization that is taking place in the United States. These robots, mainly in certain sectors, represent an element of competition even for Mexican workers who risk competing with more efficient and less expensive machines, with direct consequences in terms of reshoring and loss of employment for a not inconsiderable number of Mexicans. Referring to the body of work, this will be divided into three chapters. There will be a preliminary presentation of the exchanges between Mexico and the USA, which will make extensive use of official data and adequate tools to interpret them. The aim is to clearly identify the relations of strength between the two countries. The main exchange agreement between the two countries, NAFTA, which entered into force in 1994 and which was a major turning point, will then be taken into consideration, and together with it more recent agreements which attempt to improve (not always succeeding) its contents. Finally, there will be two more in-depth examinations of different realities closely linked to the relations between the countries. I am referring to the maquiladoras and the automation process underway in the United States and its impact on Mexican employment. I will finally my own conclusions about the whole work in the final analysis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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TESI università POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di economia internazionale circa i rapporti commerciali tra Stati Uniti e Messico
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12075/3567